C6 carbohydrates dehydration to HMF in acidic reaction systems.
| Reactant | Solvent (additive) | Catalyst | Temp. (°C) | Time (h) | HMF yield (%) | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fructose | Water/isopropanol | CO2 | 180 | 2 | 67.1 | 16 |
| Glucose | Water/DMOE | AlCl3 | 150 | 0.75 | 58.5 | 26 |
| Glucose | Water/GVL | PTSA-POM/Sn-β | 140 | 0.5 | 60.1 | 19 |
| Glucose | Water (NaCl) | AlCl3/HCl | 170 | 3 | 62.0 | 27 |
| Cellulose | Water/MIBK | LPSnP-1 | 150 | 0.33 | 32.0 | 28 |
| Cellulose | Water/THF (NaCl) | Sn-Mont | 160 | 3 | 39.1 | 29 |
| Cellulose | Water (NaCl) | AlCl3/CPME | 190 | 60 | 42.0 | 21 |
| Cellulose | Water/THF | H2SO4 | 170 | 2 | 44.0 | 30 |
| Cellulose | Water/THF | NaHSO4/ZnSO4 | 160 | 1 | 53.0 | 31 |
| Cellulose | [BMIM]Cl | Cr([PSMIM]HSO4)3 | 130 | 5 | 53.0 | 32 |