Fluorescence analysis of Cu²⁺ and hemin: a comparison of the proposed approach with other reported methods.

Probe	Mechanism	Linear range (μM)	LOD (μM)	Ref.
Analysis of Cu 2+
BSA-capped AuNCs	Electrostatic & ion-exchanging	30–500	0.5	30
BSA-capped AuNCs	Coordination & energy transfer	0.5–100	0.3	31
BSA-capped AuNCs	Precipitation	5–500	5.0	32
BSA-capped CuNCs	Intersystem crossing	0.02–34	0.001	33
DNA-capped Cu/Ag NCs/MPAa	Oxidation	0.005–0.2	0.0027	34
PEI-capped AgNCsb	Coordination & energy transfer	0.01–7.7	0.01	35
PMAA-capped AgNCsc	Coordination & energy transfer	0.01–30	0.01	36
Sn(ii)-citrate-capped AuNCs	Coordination	0.5–70	0.38	38
DTT-capped AuNCsd	Coordination	0–60	0.08	39
Penicillamine-capped CuNCs	Formation-induced FL	14.8–99.2	4.69	40
Cytidine-stabilized CuNCs	Formation-induced FL	0.05–2.0	0.032	This work
Analysis of hemin
Curcumin polymer	Electron density transfer	20–100	13.5	21
Hep–MPA–CdS QDs/protaminee	Static interaction & surface defect	0.167–17	0.0486	22
DNA–rGO/AOf	Competition & electron or energy transfer	0.31–2.5	0.05	23
Cytidine-stabilized CuNCs	Inner filter effect	0.05–4.0	0.045	This work

^aDNA-capped Cu/Ag nanoclusters in the presence of 3-mercaptopropionic acid.

^bPolyethyleneimine-capped AgNCs.

^cpoly(methacrylic acid)-capped AgNCs.

^dDithiothreitol-capped AuNCs.

^eHeparin–mercaptopropionic acid dual modified CdS quantum dots in the presence of protamine.

^fDNA-reduced graphene oxide in the presence of acridine orange.