Table 3.

Maximum or mean/median (bold and italic in table) concentrations of PFASs in surface waters from other Canadian and international studies

Sampling location (no. of samples)	PFBA	PFHxA	PFOA	PFOS	PFHpA	PFPeA	References
Canada
Great Lakes	4.9	3.9	5	7.4	2	4.1	Gewurtz et al. (2019)
Arctic Lakes	1		< 1		< 0.5		MacInnis et al. (2019)
Lake Ontario (1)			< 3		< 1		Meyer et al. (2011)
Mimico Creek (7)			14	22	3.3		Meyer et al. (2011)
Hamilton Harbour (2)			7.2	13	1.4		Meyer et al. (2011)
Lake Superior (25)		0.8	1.23	0.7			Scott et al. (2010)
WWTP effluent (3)	2.6	6.8	24		3.3	4.1	Scott et al. (2010)
Ontario Rivers (6)		0.18	0.48	0.8	0.42		Scott et al. (2010)
Ontario Rivers (20)		100	52	150	51	150	D’agostino and Mabury (2017)
Grand River (1)		5.3	1.7	2.8	<  2	5.8	D’agostino and Mabury (2017)
Thames River (1)		3.9	1.4	5.7	<  2	<  5	D’agostino and Mabury (2017)
USA
Nevada Brook (8)	nd	56.9	19.2	17.4	10.4	21.8	Bai and Son (2021)
Nevada Brook—downstream of WWTP (10)	26	187	65.5	38	32.5	170	Bai and Son (2021)
Yadkin-Pee Dee River (Carolina) (5)	1.38	4.37	8.07	4.34	5.79	1.93	Penland et al. (2020)
Mississippi; downstream of 3 M facility (1)	650	32	220	136	75		Newsted et al. (2017)
New Jersey River; downstream of WWTP and/or landfill (11)	10	26	33.9	102	14.6	17.7	Goodrow et al. (2020)
Europe
Surface water—Arctic river (6)	1.2	0.3	0.3	0.29	0.2	1.1	Kwok et al. (2013)
Rhine River (36)	188	4.48	4.07	7.34	0.97	9.99	Moller et al. (2010)
Ruhr River (3)	27.5	13.8	17.9	10.1	1.23	27.6	Moller et al. (2010)
Other German rivers (8)	8.38	9.86	11.7	7.07	1.31	12.1	Moller et al. (2010)
Lake (reference) (20)	1.37	0.13	1.78	0.23	0.42	< 0.01	Skaar et al. (2019)
Arctic Stream near settlement (3)	28.1	61.47	39.28	653	15.43	< 0.02	Skaar et al. (2019)
Asia/Australia
Influent of a WWTP (9)	19	20	13	17	16	15	Nguyen et al. (2019)
Rivers (7)	8.8	11.4	14.5	45.2	6	9.7	Allinson et al. (2019)
Urban lakes and rivers (350)	75.8	30	69	50.8	11.2	111	Wang et al. (2019)
Surface water—landfill, urban (19)	110	26.24	100.1	54.78	30.3	53.18	Xu et al. (2021)