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. 2022 Apr 2;69(6):1137–1152. doi: 10.1007/s00267-022-01633-8

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Left photo: A long-term grazed site dominated by the annual exotic Cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum), Prineville District, BLM, Oregon. In addition to a dominance by exotic species, there is an absence of biotic soil crusts. The site had been burned about three years prior to the time this photo was taken. Right photo: An ungrazed site dominated by native species, Prineville District, BLM, Oregon. The dominant grasses are Bluebunch Wheatgrass (Pseudoregnaria spicata). The interspaces are dominated by native forbs, Sandberg’s Blue grass (Poa sandbergii) and biological soil crusts. Exotic annuals are <1% cover that this site. This site had also burned ≈3 years prior to the taking of this photo (Photos by J.B. Kauffman)