Summary of the critical parameters for the synthesized GQDs based on spectroscopic techniques.
| Order | Samples | Raman peaks/bands (cm−1) | UV-Vis absorption peaks (nm) | PL emission peaks (nm) | DLS (average size) (nm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I-GQDs | 1361.98 (D) | 210 nm | 426.77 | 3.245 |
| 1611.65 (G) | |||||
| 2 | B-GQDs | 1352.12 (D) | 212.45 | 448.72 | 6.952 |
| 1549.44 (G) | 225.12 | ||||
| 3 | G-GQDs | 1373.76 (D) | 254.53 | 539.30 | 10.02 |
| 1603.81 (G) | 313.52 | ||||
| 4 | Y-GQDs | 1334.83 (D) | 202.11 | 558.51 | 13.72 |
| 1597.34 (G) | 281.35 | ||||
| 5 | R-GQDs | 1424.92 (D) | 401.40 | 648.63 | 15.96 |
| 1665.95 (G) | 456.91 |