Table 1.
Sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of HIV+ and HIV- individuals.
| Variable | HIV+ (n = 109) | HIV− (n = 30) | p | Cohen’s d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean/% | SD | Mean/% | SD | |||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age | 56.4 | (5.5) | 59.8 | (7.9) | .007 | −0.56 |
| Education (years) | 14.2 | (2.7) | 14.8 | (2.6) | .276 | −0.22 |
| Sex (% women) | 10.1 | — | 30.0 | — | .006 | — |
| Race/Ethnicity (%) | .097 | — | ||||
| Asian | 0.0 | — | 3.4 | — | ||
| Black/African American | 15.6 | — | 23.3 | — | ||
| Hispanic/Latino | 18.3 | — | 16.7 | — | ||
| White/Caucasian | 63.3 | — | 53.3 | — | ||
| Other | 2.8 | — | 3.3 | — | ||
| Neuropsychiatric Factors | ||||||
| Apathy Composite (z-score) | 0.8 | (1.4) | −0.2 | (1.0) | <.001 | 0.75 |
| POMS Vigor-Activity raw score | 16.4 | (7.5) | 21.6 | (6.3) | <.001 | −0.72 |
| FrSBe Apathy raw score | 31.7 | (9.1) | 23.9 | (7.0) | <.001 | 0.90 |
| Clinical elevation (%)a | 44.0 | — | 13.3 | — | .002 | — |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (%) | ||||||
| Current | 6.5 | — | 0.0 | — | .150 | — |
| Lifetime | 17.4 | — | 3.3 | — | .051 | — |
| Substance Abuse Disorder (% lifetime) | 73.4 | — | 53.3 | — | .035 | — |
| Global neurocognitive impairment (%) | 28.9 | — | 28.6 | — | .977 | — |
| Biomarkers | ||||||
| Neurofilament Light (log10) | 3.2 | (0.2) | 3.2 | (0.2) | .712 | 0.00 |
| pTau181 (log10) | 2.4 | (0.1) | 2.5 | (0.1) | .043 | −1.00 |
| GFAP (log10) | 3.1 | (0.5) | 3.0 | (0.5) | .388 | 0.20 |
| Kynurenine/Tryptophan Ratio (log10) | 0.5 | (0.1) | 0.5 | (0.1) | .142 | 0.00 |
| Quinolinic Acid (log10) | 1.8 | (0.2) | 1.8 | (0.2) | .849 | 0.00 |
| BDNF (log10) | 3.7 | (0.3) | 3.7 | (0.2) | .582 | 0.00 |
| TNF-α (log10) | 1.7 | (0.2) | 1.7 | (0.2) | .888 | 0.00 |
| Medical Characteristics | ||||||
| Number of Medical Comorbidities | 2.0 | (1.5) | 1.4 | (1.3) | .043 | 0.41 |
| AIDS (%) | 65.1 | — | — | — | — | |
| Duration of infection (years) | 21.3 | (8.7) | — | — | — | — |
| Current CD4 (cells/µL) | 666.0 | (311.6) | — | — | — | — |
| Nadir CD4 (cells/µL) | 203.7 | (195.0) | — | — | — | — |
| Plasma RNA Detectable (% detectable) | 6.5 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Antiretroviral therapy (% prescribed) | 86.2 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hepatitis C Virus (%) | 23.0 | — | — | — | — | — |
Note. Values are sample mean (standard deviation) unless otherwise specified.
a
Clinical elevations in apathy were operationalizes as >1.5 SD above the normative mean. POMS = Profile of Mood States; FrSBe = Frontal Systems Behavior Scale; BDNF = Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor; TNF-α = Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; pTau181 = phosphorylated Tau 181; GFAP = Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein; AIDS = Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome; CD4 = Cluster of Differentiation 4; RNA = Ribonucleic Acid. Bold indicates p < .05.