Figure 4.

Incremental costs and QALYs of no PrEP, 20%, 50% or 80% PrEP with or without expanded ART (90% ART), compared with the base case (no PrEP + 77% ART). The black solid lines show the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) relative to the next best strategy when expanded ART is not implemented. The dashed black lines show the ICER relative to the next best strategy when ART is expanded. Incremental costs and QALYs are calculated over a 30-year time horizon (2022–2052) and are discounted to the present at 3% annually. The dashed blue and red lines represent the GDP per capita in Jiangsu Province, China ($18,100 in 2020)⁴⁹ and three times the GDP per capita, respectively. Interventions above the red dashed line are defined as not cost-effective, between red dashed line and blue dash line as cost-effective, below the blue dash line as highly cost-effective. Negative value denotes cost-saving. PrEP, pre-exposure prophylaxis; ICER, incremental cost-effectiveness ratio; QALY, quality-adjusted life-year; GDP, gross domestic product.