Textural properties, acidic densities and metal dispersion of solid acids and Pd/C.
| Entry | Catalyst | Surface areaa (m2 g−1) | Pore volumeb (cm3 g−1) | Average pore diameterb (nm) | Acidic densityc (mmol g−1) | D d |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ZrP | 112.7 | 0.25 | 6.8 | 1.55 | — |
| 2 | Spent ZrPe | 93.9 | 0.27 | 5.6 | 1.31 | — |
| 3 | NbP | 78.1 | 0.20 | 7.9 | 0.58 | — |
| 4 | Pd/C | 1025.9 | 0.28 | 3.8 | — | 0.49 |
| 5 | Spent Pd/Ce | 932.5 | 0.25 | 4.3 | — | 0.36 |
a
The surface areas were estimated by the BET method using N2 at −196 °C.
b
The pore volume and average pore diameter were determined by using the desorption branch and BJH method.
c
The acidic densities were calculated by NH3-TPD measurements and a calibration loop of 250 μL.
d
The dispersion of Pd was determined by H2-chemisorption.
e
The spent ZrP was treated at 300 °C for 3 h, dried and recalcinated at 400 °C for 4 h. The spent Pd/C was treated at 300 °C for 3 h, dried and recalcinated at 300 °C for 3 h under H2 flow.