Condensation of furfural species and cycle ketones over base catalystsa.
| Entry | Furfural species | Cyclic ketones | Catalyst dosageb (mol%) | Time (min) | Product | Isolated yieldc (C-mol%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | FF | CP | — | 40 | FF-CP-FF | 0 |
| 2 | FF | CP | NaOH, 5 | 40 | FF-CP-FF | 68 |
| 3 | FF | CP | NaOH, 10 | 40 | FF-CP-FF | 94 |
| 4 | FF | CP | NaOH, 20 | 40 | FF-CP-FF | 96 |
| 5 | FF | CP | KOH, 10 | 40 | FF-CP-FF | 93 |
| 6 | FF | CP | LiOH, 10 | 40 | FF-CP-FF | 87 |
| 7 | FF | CP | Ba(OH)2, 10 | 40 | FF-CP-FF | 92 |
| 8 | FF | CP | Mg(OH)2, 10 | 120 | FF-CP-FF | 0 |
| 9 | FF | CP | Na2CO3, 10 | 120 | FF-CP-FF | 0 |
| 10 | FF | CP | K2CO3, 10 | 120 | FF-CP-FF | 0 |
| 11 | FF | CH | NaOH, 10 | 40 | FF-CH-FF | 92 |
| 12 | HMF | CP | NaOH, 10 | 40 | HMF-CP-HMF | 96 |
| 13 | HMF | CH | NaOH, 10 | 40 | HMF-CH-HMF | 98 |
a
All the reactions were conducted at 30 °C and the mole ratio of furfural compounds to cyclic ketone was 2 : 1.
b
Relative to cyclic ketone.
c
The isolated yield was calculated for the target product based on the cyclic ketone.