Synthetic processes and applications of various biochar-supported photocatalysts.

Name of catalyst	Biomass	Metal	Application	Initial pollutant concentration	Removal capacity (Re) and recycle capacity (Rc)	Time	Process of removal	BSP synthetic process	Ref.
TiO2–biomass	Starbon	Ti	Phenol photodegradation	150 mL – 50 ppm	Re: 75%	4 h	Adsorption and photodegradation	Ultrasound sonication	77
TiO2–SWP700	Soft wood pellets	Ti	Phenol photodegradation	150 mL – 50 ppm	Re: 64%	4 h	Adsorption and UV + Vis light irradiation	Ultrasound sonication	28
					Rc: (∼59–67%)/5 times
TiO2–wood charcoal	Pine wood	Ti	Bisphenol A photodegradation	50 mL – 20 ppm	Re: 80%	18 h	Adsorption and photodegradation	Dip-sol-gel method	38
N–TiO2–C	Waste plum stones	Ti	Methylene blue photodegradation	125 mL – 25 ppm	Re: 100%	3 h	Adsorption and photodegradation	Multi-step pyrolysis and slurry method	29
TiO2–bamboo	Bamboo	Ti	Methylene blue photodegradation	200 mL – 30 ppm	Re: 99%	1.5 h	Adsorption and UV + Vis light irradiation	Hydrothermal carbonization and sol–gel methods	33
					Rc: ∼100%/4 times
g-C3N4–biochar	Chestnut leaf biomass		Methylene blue photodegradation	20 mL – 4.8 ppm	Re: 38%	4 h	Photodegradation	Multi-step thermal polycondensation	37
S-activated carbons	Activated carbon		Methylene blue photodegradation	125 mL – 25 ppm	Re: 100%	4 h	Adsorption and photodegradation	Multi-step heating process	75
N–TiO2–Fe3O4–biochar	Agar	Fe, Ti	Methylene blue photodegradation	10 mL – 400 ppm	Re: 100%	3 h	Adsorption, photodegradation, and Fenton-like degradation	Single-step thermal polycondensation	Our study
					Rc: (89–100%)/5 times
TiO2-coated biochar	Ramie bar	Ti	Safranin T photodegradation		Re: 231.9 mg g−1	2 h	Adsorption and photodegradation	Sol–gel method	41
					Rc: (167–222 mg g−1)/6 times
TiO2–sludge and wheat husks	Sludge and wheat husks	Ti	Reactive Blue 69 photodegradation	20 ppm/1.5 g L−1 dose	98%	1.3 h	Ultrasound irradiation	Sol–gel method	32
TiO2–guanidine–(Ni,Co)–Fe2O4	Biomass	Ti, Ni, Co, Fe	Malic acid photodegradation	0.5 mmol/50 mL water	Re: conversion = 60%, acetic acid = 10%, formic acid = 77%, oxalic acid = 7%, CO2 = 8%	1.5 h	Photodegradation	Hydrothermal process	59
TiO2–corn cob	Corn cob	Ti	Sulfamethoxazole photodegradation	100 mL – 10 ppm	Re: 90%	3 h	Adsorption and UV light irradiation	Sol–gel method	25
					Rc: (90–92%)/3 times
TiO2–reed straw	Reed straw	Ti	Sulfamethoxazole photodegradation	160 mL – 10 ppm	Re: 91%	3 h	Adsorption and UV light irradiation	Sol–gel method	34
					Rc: (86–91%)/5 times
g-C3N4–FeVO4–Fe@NH2–biochar	Pine needles	Fe, V	Methyl paraben (MeP) and 2-chlorophenol (2-CP) photodegradation	100 mL – 20 ppm	Re: 98.4% of MeP	1.5 h	Adsorption, photocatalysis, and photo-ozonation	Multi-step thermal treatment, acid treatment, and ammonia treatment	35
					Rc: (97–98%)/6 times
					Re: 90.7% of 2-CP
					Rc: (89–91%)/6 times
ZrO2–sludge and wheat husks	Sludge and wheat husks	Zr	Reactive Yellow 39 photodegradation	20 ppm/1.5 g L−1	Re: 98%	1.2 h	Ultrasound irradiation	Modified sonochemical and sol–gel method	36
BiOX (X = Cl or Br)–biochar		Bi	Methyl orange photodegradation	50 mL (0.03 mM)	Re: 10% BiOBr = 81%	2.5	Photodegradation	Hydrolysis method	39
					Re: 5% BiOCl = 38%
TiO2–SWP700	Soft wood pellets	Ti	Methanol oxidation	(0.9% + 99.1%) phenol + air-flow rate of 25 cm3 min−1	Re: conversion = 88%, CO2 = 20%, methyl formate yield = 88%		UV + Vis light irradiation	Ultrasound sonication	28
TiO2–chitosan	Chitosan	Ti	Film electrodes					Solvothermal	31
Au–TiO2/AC	Waste plum stones	Au, Ti	H2 production		−22.5 mM at visible light, and −33 at UV light		UV light irradiation	Multi-step heating and slurry method	78