Table 2.
Neuropsychological tests
| Total |
Sex |
Severity – Seven Category Ordinal Scale |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Not Hospitalized |
Hospitalized |
P Value | ||||||||
| Males |
Females |
P Value |
2. At Home |
3. No O2 |
4. O2 |
5. HFNC/NIV |
6. Intubation/ECMO |
|||
| n = 100 | n = 65 | n = 35 | n = 12 | n = 14 | n = 43 | n = 16 | n = 15 | |||
| MMSE | ||||||||||
| Corrected | 28.2 (1.7) | 28.4 (1.7) | 27.7 (1.8) | 0.068 | 28.2 (1.9) | 28.5 (1.5) | 27.9 (2.1) | 28.2 (1.3) | 28.7 (0.8) | 0.48 |
| Rey’s immediate recall | ||||||||||
| Corrected | 42.6 (7.8) | 41.8 (8.0) | 44.1 (7.3) | 0.171 | 43.1 (7.0) | 42.5 (8.7) | 41.7 (7.5) | 42.8 (8.8) | 44.7 (8.0) | 0.804 |
| Equivalent | 3.1 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.2) | 3.5 (0.9) | 0.044 | 3.4 (0.9) | 3.1 (1.1) | 3.0 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.1) | 0.638 |
| Failed | 2 (2%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | ||
| Borderline | 9 (9%) | 8 (12.3%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (14.3%) | 5 (11.6%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Rey’s delayed recall | ||||||||||
| Corrected | 8.7 (2.9) | 8.2 (2.9) | 9.5 (2.7) | 0.03 | 9.5 (2.7) | 9.0 (2.8) | 8.1 (2.9) | 8.4 (3.1) | 9.6 (2.8) | 0.327 |
| Equivalen | 3.0 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.3) | 3.3 (1.2) | 0.03 | 3.3 (1.2) | 3.0 (1.5) | 2.8 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.4) | 3.3 (1.2) | 0.58 |
| Failed | 7 (7%) | 6 (9.2%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 4 (9.3%) | 1 (6.2%) | 1 (6.7%) | ||
| Borderline | 10 (10%) | 6 (9.2%) | 4 (11.4%) | 2 (16.7%) | 2 (14.3%) | 3 (7%) | 3 (18.8%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| MFTC | ||||||||||
| Time corrected | 50.8 (31.7) | 51.4 (25.5) | 49.7 (41.3) | 0.797 | 44.4 (26.7) | 58.4 (26.1) | 48.6 (36.4) | 46.9 (25.4) | 59.3 (32.5) | 0.522 |
| Time equivalent | 3.8 (0.8) | 3.8 (0.6) | 3.6 (1.0) | 0.133 | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.8 (0.7) | 3.9 (0.3) | 3.7 (1.0) | 0.703 |
| Failed | 2 (2%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.3%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (6.7%) | ||
| Borderline | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (5.7%) | 1 (8.3%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| False alarms corrected | 0.7 (2.5) | 0.6 (2.9) | 0.7 (1.3) | 0.858 | 2.6 (6.4) | 0.8 (1.9) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.2 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.8) | 0.651 |
| False alarms equivalent | 3.5 (1.1) | 3.7 (0.9) | 3.2 (1.4) | 0.042 | 2.8 (1.8) | 3.4 (1.2) | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.7 (1.0) | 3.7 (1.0) | 0.149 |
| Failed | 7 (7%) | 3 (4.6%) | 4 (11.4%) | 3 (25%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (6.2%) | 1 (6.7%) | ||
| Borderline | 2 (2%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Frontal Assessment Battery | ||||||||||
| Corrected | 15.8 (1.9) | 15.9 (1.8) | 15.7 (2.1) | 0.717 | 16.1 (2.2) | 15.6 (2.0) | 15.9 (1.9) | 15.9 (1.1) | 15.6 (2.2) | 0.952 |
| Equivalent | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.4) | 2.7 (1.5) | 0.556 | 2.8 (1.6) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.9 (1.1) | 2.6 (1.8) | 0.978 |
| Failed | 12 (12%) | 6 (9.2%) | 6 (17.1%) | 2 (16.7%) | 2 (14.3%) | 4 (9.3%) | 0 (0%) | 4 (26.7%) | ||
| Borderline | 8 (8%) | 7 (10.8%) | 1 (2.9%) | 1 (8.3%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (11.6%) | 2 (12.5%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Digit Span Forward | ||||||||||
| Corrected | 6.0 (1.1) | 6.0 (1.1) | 5.9 (1.1) | 0.444 | 5.8 (0.9) | 5.8 (1.1) | 6.0 (1.1) | 6.2 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.0) | 0.918 |
| Equivalent | 3.2 (1.3) | 3.2 (1.2) | 3.1 (1.4) | 0.479 | 3.2 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.6) | 3.2 (1.3) | 3.4 (1.3) | 3.1 (1.1) | 0.917 |
| Failed | 8 (8%) | 4 (6.2%) | 4 (11.4%) | 1 (8.3%) | 2 (14.3%) | 4 (9.3%) | 1 (6.2%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Borderline | 4 (4%) | 3 (4.6%) | 1 (2.9%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (7.1%) | 1 (2.3%) | 1 (6.2%) | 1 (6.7%) | ||
| Digit Span Backwards | ||||||||||
| Corrected | 4.1 (1.0) | 4.2 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.0) | 0.26 | 4.3 (0.8) | 4.0 (0.8) | 4.1 (1.0) | 3.8 (0.9) | 4.1 (1.1) | 0.701 |
| Equivalent | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.8 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.4) | 0.279 | 3.1 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.4) | 0.852 |
| Failed | 8 (8%) | 4 (6.2%) | 4 (11.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (11.6%) | 2 (12.5%) | 1 (6.7%) | ||
| Borderline | 15 (15%) | 8 (12.3%) | 7 (20%) | 2 (16.7%) | 3 (21.4%) | 4 (9.3%) | 3 (18.8%) | 3 (20%) | ||
| Trail Making | ||||||||||
| Corrected | 118.2 (100.6) | 93.9 (86.8) | 163.5 (109.7) | <.001 | 185.2 (121.7) | 94.3 (91.1) | 112.2 (99.2) | 98.4 (89.8) | 125.5 (94.8) | 0.136 |
| Equivalent | 2.3 (1.5) | 2.7 (1.4) | 1.6 (1.5) | <.001 | 1.5 (1.7) | 2.9 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.6) | 2.4 (1.4) | 2.1 (1.4) | 0.231 |
| Failed | 21 (21%) | 8 (12.3%) | 13 (37.1%) | 6 (50%) | 2 (14.3%) | 8 (18.6%) | 2 (12.5%) | 3 (20%) | ||
| Borderline | 11 (11%) | 7 (10.8%) | 4 (11.4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (14%) | 3 (18.8%) | 2 (13.3%) | ||
Abbreviations: ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; HFNC, high-flow nasal cannulae; MFTC, Multiple Features Target Cancellation test; MMSE, Mini Mental State Exam.