Table 2.
Fixed and random effect analysis of factors associated with unmet needs for contraception
| Variable | Model O | Model I AOR [95% CI] |
Model II AOR [95% CI] |
Model III AOR [95% CI] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effect results | ||||
| Women’s age (years) | ||||
| 15–19 | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| 20–24 | 1.02 [0.69,1.52] | 1.04 [0.70,1.55] | ||
| 25–29 | 0.69 [0.45,1.06] | 0.70 [0.46,1.08] | ||
| 30–34 | 0.68 [0.44,1.06] | 0.70 [0.45,1.09] | ||
| 35–39 | 0.70 [0.44,1.12] | 0.73 [0.45,1.17] | ||
| 40–44 | 0.82 [0.53,1.29] | 0.87 [0.55,1.37] | ||
| 45–49 | 0.64 [0.39,1.03] | 0.67 [0.41,1.08] | ||
| Level of education | ||||
| No education | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Primary | 0.92 [0.76,1.12] | 0.97 [0.80,1.18] | ||
| Secondary | 0.78 [0.61,1.00] | 0.87 [0.67,1.13] | ||
| Higher | 1.09 [0.48,2.45] | 1.27 [0.56,2.88] | ||
| Marital status | ||||
| Married | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Cohabiting | 1.28* [1.03,1.60] | 1.25* [1.01,1.56] | ||
| Current working status | ||||
| No | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Yes | 1.08 0.93,1.26] | 1.09 [0.94,1.28] | ||
| Parity | ||||
| Zero | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| 1–3 births | 1.57** [1.19,2.09] | 1.57** [1.18,2.08] | ||
| 4 or more births | 1.64** [1.15,2.33] | 1.60** [1.13,2.27] | ||
| Frequency of watching television | ||||
| Not at all | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Less than once a week | 0.80 [0.56,1.14] | 0.86 [0.60,1.23] | ||
| At least once a week | 0.90 [0.66,1.23] | 1.01 [0.73,1.39] | ||
| Frequency of listening to radio | ||||
| Not at all | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Less than once a week | 0.79 [0.61,1.02] | 0.80 [0.61,1.04] | ||
| At least once a week | 0.78 [0.56,1.07] | 0.80 [0.59,1.10] | ||
| Frequency of reading newspaper or magazine | ||||
| Not at all | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Less than once a week | 1.11 [0.85,1.44] | 1.13 [0.86,1.49] | ||
| At least once a week | 0.77 [0.53,1.12] | 0.81 [0.56,1.17] | ||
| Heard of family planning from newspaper or magazine last few months | ||||
| No | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Yes | 1.02 [0.69,1.50] | 1.05 [0.71,1.54] | ||
| Heard of family planning from television last few months | ||||
| No | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Yes | 1.02 [0.61,1.71] | 1.05 [0.63,1.75] | ||
| Heard of family planning from radio last few months | ||||
| No | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Yes | 0.93 [0.72,1.21] | 0.94 [0.73,1.22] | ||
| Person who usually decides on respondent’s health care | ||||
| Respondent alone | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Respondent and partner | 0.87 [0.72,1.06] | 0.86 [0.71,1.04] | ||
| Partner alone | 1.37* [1.08,1.74] | 1.35* [1.06,1.71] | ||
| Someone else or other | 1.20 [0.55,2.61] | 1.19 [0.55,2.57] | ||
| Wealthindex | ||||
| Poorest | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Poorer | 0.85 [0.67,1.08] | 0.86 [0.68,1.10] | ||
| Middle | 0.73** [0.58,0.91] | 0.75* [0.60,0.94] | ||
| Richer | 0.65*** [0.51,0.83] | 0.69** [0.53,0.90] | ||
| Richest | 0.51*** [0.40,0.66] | 0.59*** [0.43,0.80] | ||
| Sex of household head | ||||
| Male | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Female | 0.86 [0.68,1.09] | 0.87 [0.68,1.10] | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Rural | 1.15 [0.94,1.42] | 1.08 [0.87,1.33] | ||
| Region | ||||
| Southern region | 1 [1.00,1.00] | 1 [1.00,1.00] | ||
| Highlands region | 1.07 [0.89,1.29] | 1.05 [0.86,1.27] | ||
| Momase region | 1.35** [1.11,1.64] | 1.33** [1.09,1.63] | ||
| Islands region | 1.08 [0.88,1.33] | 1.10 [0.89,1.36] | ||
| Random effect model | ||||
| PSU variance (95% CI) | 0.398 [0.299, 0.531] | 0.343 [0.251, 0.471] | 0.328 [0.237, 0.453] | 0.322 [0.232, 0.447] |
| ICC | 0.1079641 | 0.0945348 | 0.0905374 | .0891375 |
| Wald chi-square | Reference | 115.40 (< 0.001) | 86.56 (< 0.001) | 169.18 (< 0.001) |
| Model fitness | ||||
| Log-likelihood | − 4839.6637 | − 4755.7949 | − 4799.8545 | − 4735.382 |
| AIC | 9683.327 | 9565.59 | 9621.709 | 9542.764 |
| N | 7950 | 7950 | 7950 | 7950 |
| Number of clusters | 763 | 763 | 763 | 763 |
Exponentiated coefficients; 95% confidence intervals in brackets; AOR adjusted odds ratios, CI confidence interval; 1 = Reference category; PSU primary sampling unit; ICC intra-class correlation, AIC Akaike’s Information Criterion. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001