Comparison of continuous variables between cases (overweight and obese subjects) and controls (normal weight subjects)a.
Total N = 606 | Females N = 270 (44.55%) | Males N = 336 (55.45%) | |||||||||||
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Parameters | Groups | Mean | SD | Mean rank | p-Value | Mean | SD | Mean rank | p-Value | Mean | SD | Mean rank | p-Value |
Weight (kg) | Cases | 89.01 | 19.25 | 439.83 | <0.001* | 83.05 | 18.63 | 197.99 | <0.001* | 93.91 | 18.40 | 248.66 | <0.001* |
Controls | 59.19 | 7.91 | 164.45 | 54.69 | 6.01 | 70.17 | 62.74 | 7.42 | 88.34 | ||||
Height (cm) | Cases | 164.27 | 9.37 | 296.39 | 0.312 | 156.86 | 5.82 | 125.83 | 0.037* | 170.36 | 7.06 | 167.77 | 0.890 |
Controls | 164.99 | 8.55 | 310.76 | 158.09 | 5.19 | 145.61 | 170.42 | 6.50 | 169.23 | ||||
BMI (kg m−2) | Cases | 32.89 | 6.07 | 453.46 | <0.001* | 33.67 | 6.81 | 201.46 | <0.001* | 32.25 | 5.32 | 252.50 | <0.001* |
Controls | 21.70 | 2.00 | 150.54 | 21.87 | 2 | 66.55 | 21.58 | 2.01 | 84.50 | ||||
WC (cm) | Cases | 110.74 | 14.26 | 444.08 | <0.001* | 112.37 | 14.91 | 196.46 | <0.001* | 109.39 | 13.59 | 248.56 | <0.001* |
Controls | 82.95 | 8.24 | 160.11 | 81.61 | 9.57 | 71.77 | 84 | 6.87 | 88.44 | ||||
HC (cm) | Cases | 114.61 | 12.02 | 440.34 | <0.001* | 115.66 | 11.43 | 196.71 | <0.001* | 113.76 | 12.46 | 244.34 | <0.001* |
Controls | 94.89 | 5.80 | 163.92 | 95.42 | 5.68 | 71.51 | 94.47 | 5.88 | 92.66 | ||||
WHR | Cases | 0.97 | 0.06 | 405.91 | <0.001* | 0.97 | 0.07 | 183.17 | <0.001* | 0.96 | 0.06 | 224.70 | <0.001* |
Controls | 0.87 | 0.07 | 199.04 | 0.85 | 0.08 | 85.66 | 0.89 | 0.06 | 112.30 | ||||
Biceps SFT (mm) | Cases | 19.21 | 8.74 | 410.28 | <0.001* | 22.75 | 8.42 | 185.39 | <0.001* | 16.29 | 7.91 | 233.67 | <0.001* |
Controls | 8.89 | 4.94 | 194.58 | 11.62 | 4.69 | 83.34 | 6.73 | 3.99 | 103.33 | ||||
Triceps SFT (mm) | Cases | 31.36 | 9.94 | 430.44 | <0.001* | 31 | 8.01 | 188.40 | <0.001* | 31.66 | 11.29 | 243.39 | <0.001* |
Controls | 14.89 | 6.74 | 174.02 | 18.55 | 5.61 | 80.19 | 12.01 | 6.13 | 93.69 | ||||
Sub-scapular SFT (mm) | Cases | 33.19 | 11.18 | 425.03 | <0.001* | 34.96 | 10.66 | 192.60 | <0.001* | 31.75 | 11.42 | 233.66 | <0.001* |
Controls | 17.26 | 6.18 | 178.12 | 17.98 | 5.93 | 75.80 | 16.69 | 6.33 | 101.95 | ||||
Abdomen SFT (mm) | Cases | 47.25 | 15.39 | 428.19 | <0.001* | 42.98 | 12.58 | 190.38 | <0.001* | 50.77 | 16.59 | 239.34 | <0.001* |
Controls | 24.28 | 9.36 | 176.32 | 24.65 | 7.11 | 78.13 | 23.99 | 10.81 | 97.66 | ||||
Thigh SFT (mm) | Cases | 47.11 | 16.72 | 431.91 | <0.001* | 44.34 | 12.33 | 189.86 | <0.001* | 49.38 | 19.36 | 243.89 | <0.001* |
Controls | 20.42 | 9.09 | 172.52 | 27.01 | 5.63 | 78.67 | 15.24 | 7.87 | 93.11 | ||||
Supra-iliac SFT (mm) | Cases | 38.65 | 14.83 | 422.04 | <0.001* | 30.07 | 8.96 | 185.87 | <0.001* | 45.69 | 15.01 | 242.48 | <0.001* |
Controls | 19.13 | 8.07 | 182.59 | 17.48 | 6.76 | 82.84 | 20.43 | 8.77 | 94.52 | ||||
% BF | Cases | 35.05 | 5.86 | 438.08 | <0.001* | 35.84 | 6.57 | 190.72 | <0.001* | 34.39 | 5.13 | 248.18 | <0.001* |
Controls | 20.34 | 6.97 | 166.23 | 22.66 | 6.87 | 77.77 | 18.52 | 6.49 | 88.82 | ||||
SBP (mmHg) | Cases | 119.90 | 14.93 | 340.85 | <0.001* | 117.83 | 16.90 | 162.58 | <0.001* | 121.60 | 12.89 | 178.43 | 0.052 |
Controls | 113.40 | 13.46 | 265.40 | 106.39 | 11.15 | 107.19 | 118.90 | 12.55 | 158.57 | ||||
DBP (mmHg) | Cases | 79.80 | 11.05 | 342.52 | <0.001* | 77.36 | 11.48 | 151.32 | <0.001* | 81.81 | 10.29 | 192.01 | <0.001* |
Controls | 74.51 | 9.52 | 263.70 | 72.21 | 8.79 | 118.96 | 76.31 | 9.70 | 144.99 | ||||
FBG (mg dl−1) | Cases | 105.10 | 24.50 | 329.17 | <0.001* | 107.50 | 22.15 | 147.63 | 0.009* | 103.14 | 26.18 | 182.44 | 0.009* |
Controls | 99.51 | 12.56 | 277.32 | 101.16 | 10.76 | 122.82 | 98.22 | 13.69 | 154.56 | ||||
Insulin μl U ml−1 | Cases | 27.01 | 14.49 | 366.18 | <0.001* | 25.59 | 13.31 | 149.28 | 0.003* | 28.17 | 15.33 | 217.29 | <0.001* |
Controls | 18.83 | 12.21 | 239.57 | 20.44 | 9.89 | 121.09 | 17.57 | 13.67 | 119.71 | ||||
HOMA-IR | Cases | 6.99 | 3.95 | 368.39 | <0.001* | 6.86 | 4.02 | 151.37 | 0.001* | 7.09 | 3.89 | 217.75 | <0.001* |
Controls | 4.77 | 3.97 | 237.31 | 5.23 | 2.89 | 118.91 | 4.40 | 4.63 | 119.25 |
Continuous variables are taken as mean rank and compared by Mann–Whitney U test between cases and controls. *A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Abbreviations; cases1: overweight and obese subjects, SD: standard deviation, BMI: body mass index, WC: waist circumference, HC: hip circumference, WHR: waist-to-hip ratio, SFT: skinfold thickness, % BF: percentage body fat, SBP: systolic blood pressure, DBP: diastolic blood pressure, FBG: fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR: homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance.