Table 1.
Participant characteristics and descriptive statistics
| Parents | Children | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No.(%) | No.(%) | ||||
| Female | 384 (48.2%) | 335 (42.1%) | |||
| Male | 412 (51.8%) | 461 (57.9%) | |||
| Age (M (SD)) | 38.87 (8.96) | 10.35 (3.16) | |||
| Race | |||||
| Non-Hispanic African-American or Black | 105 (13.2%) | 109 (13.7%) | |||
| Hispanic or Latinx | 144 (18.1%) | 137 (17.2%) | |||
| Asian | 45 (5.7%) | 36 (4.5%) | |||
| Other Race | 22 (2.8%) | 38 (4.8%) | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 480 (60.3%) | 476 (59.8%) | |||
| Household Income | |||||
| $0–50000 | 294 (36.9%) | – | |||
| $50000–99999 | 283 (35.6%) | – | |||
| $100–150000 | 120 (15.1%) | – | |||
| $150000 or more | 99 (12.4%) | – | |||
| U.S. Region | |||||
| South | 318 (39.9%) | – | |||
| West | 173 (21.7%) | – | |||
| Midwest | 151 (19.0%) | – | |||
| Northeast | 154 (19.3%) | – | |||
| Marital Status | – | ||||
| Never married | 128 (16.1%) | – | |||
| Married | 586 (73.6%) | – | |||
| Separated | 11 (1.4%) | – | |||
| Divorced | 60 (7.5%) | – | |||
| Widowed | 11 (1.4%) | – | |||
| Employment Status | |||||
| Working virtually | 205 (25.8%) | ||||
| Working hybrid virtual/in-person | 170 (21.4%) | ||||
| Working in person | 238 (29.9%) | ||||
| Not employed | 183 (23.0%) | ||||
| Possible Range | Sample Min | Sample Max | M | SD | |
| Parent Depression/Anxiety Symptoms | 8–40 | 8.00 | 40.00 | 17.95 | 8.45 |
| COVID-19 Stressors | 0–25 | 0.00 | 25.00 | 9.49 | 4.80 |
| Positive Reinforcement | 3–15 | 3.00 | 15.00 | 13.01 | 2.15 |
| Inconsistent Discipline | 3–15 | 3.00 | 15.00 | 8.09 | 2.80 |
| Poor Supervision | 3–15 | 3.00 | 15.00 | 5.67 | 3.04 |
| Daily Routines | 0–55 | 4.00 | 44.00 | 32.75 | 7.36 |
| Parent Hostility | 1–5 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 2.23 | 0.82 |
| Parent Supportiveness | 1–5 | 1.00 | 5.00 | 4.33 | 0.75 |
| Parenting Self-Efficacy | 7–42 | 10.00 | 42.00 | 32.43 | 6.06 |
| Child Internalizing | 0–20 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 5.36 | 4.10 |
| Child Externalizing | 0–20 | 0.00 | 20.00 | 5.93 | 4.20 |