Summary of NP-mediated stem cell differentiation.

Nanomaterials (NMs)			Differentiation Potential	Oxidative Stress dependent	Mechanical Induction Dependent	Pathway	Cell Type	Ref.
Soft NMs	Polymeric NMs	PLGA-BSA	Promote osteogenic, impair adipogenic differentiation	—	Suggested	p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway	MSCs	106
Hard NMs	Ceramic NMs	Mono-SMBGs	No	—	—	—	MSCs, ADSCs	114
		HAP NPs (20 nm)	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	—	—	MSCs	116
		Nanosilicates	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	—	—	ADSCs	117
	Carbon NMs	SWCNTs	Promote adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic	—	—	—	MSCs	121
Hard NMs	Carbon NMs	SWCNTs	Promote neurogenic differentiation	—	—	—	MSCs	122
			Neurogenic differentiation	—	—	Neurotrophin signaling pathway	MSCs	123
		MWCNTs	Inhibit osteogenic, adipogenic differentiation	No	—	Smad-dependent BMP signaling pathway	PC12 cells	124
		rGO nanosheets	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	—	—	MSCs	125
Hard NMs	Carbon NMs	GO (hundreds of nanometers to several mircometers)	Enhance dopamine neural differentiation	—	—	—	Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs)	132
		GO (400 nm)	Enhance neurogenesis	—	—	—	Human fetal neural stem cells (hfNSCs)	133
Hard NMs	Carbon NMs	Nanodiamonds	No	—	—	—	Embryonal	139
	Metal/metal oxide NMs	Citrate-AuNPs	Promote osteogenic and inhibit adipogenic differentiation	—	—	—	Human fetal neural stem cells (hfNSCs)	145
		Chitosan-AuNPs	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	Suggested	P38 mitogen-activated protein kinase	MSCs	146
		Citrate-AuNPs (15–100 nm)	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	—	Wnt/β-catenin	ADSCs	147
Hard NMs	Metal/metal oxide NMs	BSA-AuNPs (70, 100 nm)	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	Suggested	—	MSCs	148
		BSA-AuNPs (40 nm)	Inhibit osteogenic differentiation	—	Suggested	—	MSCs	148
		BSA coated gold nanostars (40–110 nm)	No	—	Suggested	—	MSCs	148
		BSA coated gold nanorods (70 nm)	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	Suggested	—	MSCs	148
Hard NMs	Metal/metal oxide NMs	PEG-AuNPs (40 nm)	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	Suggested	—	MSCs	149
		PEG-AuNPs (4 nm)	Inhibit osteogenic and promote adipogenic differentiation	Suggested	Suggested	—	MSCs	149
		AuNP–NH2 (21 nm), AuNP–OH (12 nm)	No	—	—	—	MSCs	150
Hard NMs	Metal/metal oxide NMs	AuNP–COOH (17 nm)	Inhibit osteogenic differentiation	—	—	—	MSCs	150
		l(d)-PAV-AuNPs, (5 nm)	Enhance osteogenic differentiation	—	Suggested	P38 MAPK	MSCs	151
		AgNPs	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	Suggested	—	Urine-derived stem cells	156
		PVP-AgNPs	No	—	—	—	MSCs	157
		ZnO NPs	Promote osteogenic differentiation	—	—	—	MSCs	165
Hard NMs	Metal/metal oxide NMs	TiO2 NPs	Promote neural differentiation	—	—	—	NSCs	167
		TiO2–COOH NRs	No	—	—	—	MSCs	169
		CuO NPs	No	—	—	—	MSCs	170
		CeO2 NPs (40, 60 nm)	Accelerate adipogenic transdifferentiation	—	—	—	Osteoblasts	171