The cell internal resistance under different temperatures (20 °C, 0 °C, −10 °C and −20 °C) and different SOCs (0%, 50% and 100%).

SOC	100%				50%				0%
Temperature	20 °C	0 °C	−10 °C	−20 °C	20 °C	0 °C	−10 °C	−20 °C	20 °C	0 °C	−10 °C	−20 °C
R 0/Ω	20.74	23.51	23.43	24.74	20.97	21.39	25.07	25.22	21.22	23.10	23.14	23.94
R SEI/Ω	5.70	44.23	142.18	187.10	11.35	50.74	150.50	251.30	10.86	70.24	295.46	307.00
R ct/Ω	46.49	50.10	49.27	61.17	51.33	59.61	82.08	150.75	53.55	62.44	93.47	200.07
R total/Ω	72.93	117.84	214.88	273.01	83.65	131.74	257.65	427.27	85.63	155.78	412.07	531.01