Table 5.

Subgroup Analyses for Associations of Hyperhomocysteinemia (≥15 umol/L) with Low Skeletal Muscle Mass

Variable	OR (95% CI)		P for interaction
	Mildly LMM	Severely LMM
Age, yr			<0.001
<40 (n=80,297)	1.214 (1.124–1.312)	1.605 (1.301–1.981)
40≤ age <60 (n=25,940)	1.281 (1.109–1.479)	1.898 (1.332–2.704)
≥60 (n=8,346)	1.657 (1.335–2.057)	2.544 (1.827–3.544)
Sex			<0.001
Female (n=6,210)	1.494 (0.664–3.359)	13.419 (3.654–49.276)
Male (n=108,373)	1.306 (1.224–1.393)	1.933 (1.653–2.259)
Smoking			<0.001
Current smoker (n=34,170)	1.414 (1.273–1.572)	2.089 (1.642–2.658)
Non- or ex-smoker (n=75,983)	1.245 (1.147–1.350)	1.834 (1.496–2.249)
Alcohol intake, g/day			<0.001
≥20 (n=37,022)	1.436 (1.281–1.609)	2.351 (1.795–3.078)
<20 (n=72,429)	1.248 (1.154–1.349)	1.772 (1.465–2.143)
Physical activity			<0.001
Regular physical activity (n=17,038)	1.451 (1.189–1.772)	1.343 (0.683–2.642)
Low physical activity (n=94,152)	1.288 (1.204–1.379)	1.993 (1.699–2.337)
HbA1c, %			<0.001
≥6.5 (n=4,745)	1.542 (1.100–2.162)	2.398 (1.341–4.288)
<6.5 (n=109,838)	1.296 (1.214–1.384)	1.901 (1.617–2.235)

ORs were calculated as the risks of having mildly low or severely low skeletal muscle mass according to the presence of hyperhomocysteinemia in each subgroup. Adjusted for age, sex, center, systolic blood pressure, laboratory factors (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, HbA1c, C-reactive protein, creatinine), health behavior factors (smoking status, heavy driking, regular physical activity).

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; LMM, low muscle mass; HbA1c, glycosylated hemoglobin.