Table 1.

Study Characteristics of Randomized Controlled Trials Reporting Effects of Vitamin D Treatment on Risk of Fractures and Falls

Source	Location	No. of participants	Interventions	FU duration, mo	Age, yr	Women, %	Outcomes reported	No. of events
Appel et al. (2021) [7]	US	688	1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 IU of vitamin D3 per day for dose-finding stage	24	77.2	43.6	Fall	365
			1,000 IU/day for confirmatory stage
Bischoff-Ferrari et al. (2020) [25]	Switzerland	2,157	2×2×2 factorial design	36	74.9	61.7	Fracture	256
			2,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 and calcium supplement 500 mg/day, 1 g/day of omega-3s, and a strength-training exercise program; vitamin D3 and omega-3s; vitamin D3 and exercise; vitamin D3 alone; omega-3s and exercise; omega-3s alone; exercise alone; or placebo
LeBoff et al. (2020) [10]	US	25,871	2×2 factorial design	63.6	67.1	51	Fall	2,329
			2,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 and calcium supplements and/or omega-3s 1 g/day or respective placebos
Khaw et al. (2017) [26]	New Zealand	5,110	Initial oral dose of 200,000 IU vitamin D3 followed by monthly 100,000 IU vitamin D3 or equivalent placebo	41	65.9	42	Fracture	2,638
							Fall
Levis et al. (2017) [27]	US	130	4,000 IU per day of vitamin D3 or placebo	9	72.4	0	Fall	19
Hin et al. (2017) [28]	UK	305	4,000, 2,000 IU per day of vitamin D3 or placebo	12	71	49	Fall	48
Imaoka et al. (2016) [29]	Japan	91	900 IU/day of vitamin D or placebo	9	82	75.8	Fall	15
Cangussu et al. (2016) [30]	Brazil	160	1,000 IU/day of vitamin D3 or placebo	12	59	100	Fall	56
Baron et al. (2015) [23]	US	2,259	Partial 2×2 factorial design	60	58	15	Fracture	119
			1,000 IU per day of vitamin D3, 1,200 mg/ day of calcium carbonate, both, or neither
Uusi-Rasi et al. (2015) [31]	Finland	409	Placebo without exercise, vitamin D3 (800 IU/day) without exercise, placebo and exercise, and vitamin D3 (800 IU/day) and exercise	24	74	100	Fall	26
Hansen et al. (2015) [32]	US	230	Daily white and twice monthly yellow placebo, daily 800 IU vitamin D3 and twice monthly yellow placebo, and daily white placebo and twice monthly 50,000 IU vitamin D3 (n=79)	12	61	100	Fall	45
Wood et al. (2014) [33]	UK	305	400 or 1,000 IU per daily of vitamin D3 or placebo	12	63.8	100	Fall	58
Prentice et al. (2013) [34]	US	36,282	1,000 mg elemental calcium carbonate plus 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily or placebo	86	65	100	Fracture	4,260
Witham et al. (2013) [35]	UK	159	100,000 IU of oral cholecalciferol every 3 months or placebo	12	77	50	Fall	82
Glendenning et al. (2012) [36]	Australia	686	150,000 IU every 3 months of oral cholecalciferol or placebo	9	76	100	Fall	191
Salovaara et al. (2010) [24]	Finland	3,195	800 IU of cholecalciferol and 1,000 mg of calcium carbonate or control without placebo	36	67	100	Fracture	172
Sanders et al. (2010) [19]	Australia	137	500,000 IU of oral cholecalciferol annually or placebo	60	76	100	Fracture	306
							Fall	1,606
Karkkainen et al. (2010) [37]	Finland	3,139	800 IU of cholecalciferol and 1,000 mg of calcium carbonate or control without placebo	36	67	100	Fall	1,645
Pfeifer et al. (2009) [38]	Germany	242	1,000 mg of calcium or 1,000 mg of calcium plus 800 IU of vitamin D3 per day	12	77	100	Fall	124
Bischoff-Ferrari et al. (2006) [39]	US	445	700 IU of vitamin D3 plus 500 mg of calcium citrate per day or placebo	36	71	55	Fall	170
Porthouse et al. (2005) [40]	UK	3,314	Daily oral supplementation using 1,000 mg calcium with 800 IU cholecaliferol or control without placebo	25	77	100	Fracture	103
Grant et al. (2005) [41]	UK	5,292	800 IU daily oral vitamin D3, 1,000 mg calcium, oral vitamin D3 plus calcium (1,000 mg per day), or placebo	24	77	100	Fracture	408
							Fall	415
Larsen et al. (2005) [42]	Denmark	9,605	1,000 mg of calcium carbonate and 400 IU of vitamin D3 daily or control	42	74	60.1	Fall	913
Trivedi et al. (2003) [22]	UK	2,686	100,000 IU oral vitamin D3 or matching placebo every 4 months	60	74	24.1	Fracture	268
							Fall	515
Chapuy et al. (2002) [21]	France	583	800 IU of vitamin D3 plus 1,200 mg calcium carbonate or placebo	24	85	100	Fracture	105
							Fall
Meyer et al. (2002) [43]	Norway	1,144	Ordinary cod liver oil (400 IU of vitamin D3) or cod liver oil where vitamin D was removed	24	85	75	Fracture	145
Pfeifer et al. (2000) [18]	Germany	148	1,200 mg of calcium carbonate or 1,200 mg of elemental calcium and 800 IU of vitamin D3	12	74	100	Fracture	9
							Fall	35
Peacock et al. (2000) [44]	US	438	750 mg calcium citrate plus 600 IU of vitamin D3 or placebo	48	75	71.7	Fracture	56
Komulainen et al. (1998) [45]	Finland	464	300 IU/day of vitamin D3 or placebo	120	53	100	Fracture	27
Dawson-Hughes et al. (1997) [46]	US	389	500 mg of calcium plus 700 IU of vitamin D3 per day or placebo	36	71	54.7	Fracture	37
Lips et al. (1996) [47]	Belgium	2,578	Vitamin D3, 400 IU in one tablet daily, or placebo	42	80	74.3	Fracture	267
Chapuy et al. (1994) [20]	France	3,270	1–2 g calcium daily in the form of tricalcium phosphate, together with 800 IU cholecalciferol or placebo	18	72	100	Fracture	563

IU, international unit.