Table 1.
Demographic characteristics, site-specific antimicrobial use, and outcomes among patients at three tertiary care hospitals in Tanzania, Kenya, and Sri Lanka (N = 3,149).
| Characteristic | Country | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanzania | Kenya | Sri Lanka | Overall | |||
| (n = 1,103) | (n = 750) | (n = 1,296) | (n = 3,149) | |||
| Demographic and clinical information | ||||||
| Age (years)a | <18 | 26 (2.4) | 28 (3.7) | 35 (2.7) | 89 (2.8) | |
| 18–45 | 360 (32.6) | 329 (43.9) | 322 (24.8) | 1011 (32.1) | ||
| 46–65 | 370 (33.5) | 224 (29.9) | 511 (39.4) | 1105 (35.1) | ||
| >65 | 345 (31.3) | 169 (22.5) | 419 (32.3) | 933 (29.6) | ||
| Sex | Male | 668 (60.6) | 390 (52.0) | 725 (55.9) | 1783 (56.6) | |
| Chronic medical conditions | Hypertension | 351 (31.8) | 112 (14.9) | 526 (40.6) | 989 (31.4) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 171 (15.5) | 62 (8.3) | 418 (32.2) | 649 (20.6) | ||
| Chronic liver disease | 27 (2.4) | 10 (1.3) | 21 (1.6) | 49 (1.6) | ||
| Chronic kidney disease | 80 (7.2) | 89 (11.9) | 102 (7.9) | 270 (8.6) | ||
| Asthma | 21 (1.9) | 3 (0.4) | 218 (16.8) | 242 (7.7) | ||
| Heart failure | 112 (10.2) | 69 (9.2) | 10 (0.8) | 180 (5.7) | ||
| Ischemic heart disease | 1 (0.1) | 8 (1.1) | 237 (18.3) | 246 (7.8) | ||
| COPDb/emphysema | 19 (1.7) | 35 (4.7) | 71 (5.5) | 125 (4.0) | ||
| Malignancy | 117 (10.6) | 247 (32.9) | 4 (0.4) | 343 (10.9) | ||
| HIVc | 101 (9.2) | 118 (15.7) | 1 (0.1) | 218 (6.9) | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | 0 | 0 | 89 (6.9) | 89 (2.8) | ||
| Psychiatric disorder | 3 (0.3) | 3 (0.4) | 10 (0.8) | 16 (0.5) | ||
| Hematologic disorder | 8 (0.7) | 15 (2.0) | 21 (1.6) | 44 (1.4) | ||
| Alcohol abuse | 0 | 1 (0.1) | 5 (0.4) | 6 (0.2) | ||
| Neurologic disorder | 14 (1.3) | 18 (2.4) | 73 (5.6) | 105 (3.3) | ||
| Other chronic lung disease | 0 | 0 | 13 (1.0) | 13 (0.4) | ||
| Other immunosuppressed diseased | 2 (0.2) | 43 (5.7) | 5 (0.4) | 50 (1.6) | ||
| Other diseases | 64 (5.8) | 52 (6.9) | 233 (18.0) | 349 (11.1) | ||
| Measures associated with antimicrobial use and clinical outcomes | ||||||
| Antimicrobial allergy | Not documented | 497 (45.0) | 43 (5.7) | 683 (52.7) | 1123 (38.8) | |
| Documented | Allergy exists | 13 (1.2) | 5 (0.7) | 41 (3.2) | 59 (1.9) | |
| No allergy | 593 (53.8) | 702 (93.6) | 572 (44.1) | 1867 (59.3) | ||
| Antimicrobial therapy received | 390 (35.4) | 424 (56.5) | 759 (58.6) | 1573 (50.0) | ||
| Hospitalization duration (days) | 5 (3–8) | 5 (3–9) | 3 (2–4) | 4 (2–7) | ||
| Clinical status at hospital discharge or transfer | Alive | 845 (76.6) | 583 (77.7) | 1267 (97.8) | 2695 (85.6) | |
| Dead | 251 (22.8) | 162 (21.6) | 19 (1.4) | 432 (13.7) | ||
| Missing | 7 (0.6) | 5 (0.7) | 10 (0.8) | 22 (0.7) | ||
There are 11 missing age, with 2 in Tazania and 9 in Sri Lanka.
COPD is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
HIV included in analyses for both chronic medical condition and indication for antimicrobial use.
Other immunosuppressed diseases include acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, aplastic anemia, bicytopenia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, unspecified lymphoma, multiple myeloma, non-hodgkin's lymphoma, Parkinson disease, pneumocystis pneumonia, pemphigus, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, systemic lupus erythematosus, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, mycosis fungoides, and refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia.