Table 5.

Themes and subthemes from the semi-structured interviews.

Themes	Subthemes
1. Poverty affects parents' perceptions of their parental role	1.1 Effects on the role of mothers and fathers
	1.2 Overwhelmed by their parental role due to their financial situation
2. Financial pressure undermines parent–child relationships	2.1 Long working hours
	2.2 Material deprivation
3. Poverty as a key barrier to building up social networks	3.1 Difficulty in building up social networks due to having a lower financial status than other parents
	3.2 Mainland China immigrants experienced difficulty in integrating into their communities
4. Refusal to seek social support