Table 1.
The characteristics of participants.
| Mean±SD | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 32,289 | 7,978 | 7,850 | 8,303 | 8,158 | |
| Hypertension (%) | 54.44 | 38.86 | 52.92 | 59.16 | 66.35 | <0.001 |
| Age (years) | 49.68 ± 18.04 | 38.39 ± 15.10 | 48.04 ± 17.26 | 53.59 ± 16.81 | 58.32 ± 16.54 | <0.001 |
| Male (%) | 49.24 | 31.51 | 44.48 | 53.96 | 66.36 | <0.001 |
| Race (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Mexican American | 17.06 | 16.27 | 15.76 | 17.17 | 18.95 | |
| Other Hispanic | 7.84 | 10.30 | 9.22 | 6.90 | 5.05 | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 46.72 | 45.69 | 46.00 | 48.33 | 46.80 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 19.98 | 18.76 | 19.48 | 19.05 | 22.60 | |
| Other Race | 8.40 | 8.97 | 9.54 | 8.54 | 6.59 | |
| Education level (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| < High school | 25.67 | 15.72 | 22.25 | 27.29 | 37.04 | |
| High school | 23.31 | 21.53 | 22.96 | 23.85 | 24.83 | |
| >High school | 51.02 | 62.75 | 54.79 | 48.86 | 38.12 | |
| Ratio of family income to poverty | 2.56 ± 1.62 | 2.61 ± 1.63 | 2.66 ± 1.64 | 2.63 ± 1.63 | 2.34 ± 1.56 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use (%) | 86.59 | 85.03 | 85.22 | 86.79 | 89.21 | <0.001 |
| Smoking behavior (%) | <0.001 | |||||
| Never smoke | 53.67 | 69.97 | 58.54 | 48.20 | 38.64 | |
| Still smoke | 20.84 | 12.30 | 18.36 | 22.96 | 29.44 | |
| Quit smoke | 25.48 | 17.74 | 23.11 | 28.84 | 31.92 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 29.04 ± 6.74 | 30.21 ± 7.93 | 29.41 ± 6.84 | 28.76 ± 6.28 | 27.81 ± 5.50 | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 124.25 ± 19.17 | 117.86 ± 15.90 | 122.87 ± 17.94 | 126.16 ± 19.42 | 129.89 ± 20.88 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 70.05 ± 13.47 | 69.32 ± 12.26 | 69.97 ± 13.02 | 70.50 ± 13.75 | 70.39 ± 14.65 | <0.001 |
| Blood lead level (μg/dL) | 1.73 ± 1.71 | 0.57 ± 0.16 | 1.04 ± 0.14 | 1.63 ± 0.23 | 3.63 ± 2.48 | <0.001 |
Mean±SD for continuous variables: P value was calculated by linear regression model; % for Categorical variables: P value was calculated by chi-square test.