Table 2.
Association between blood lead levels (μg/dl) and hypertension.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | |
| Per 1 μg/dL BLL increase | 1.23 (1.21, 1.25)*** | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
| BLL (Quartile) | |||
| Q1 | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| Q2 | 1.77 (1.66, 1.88)*** | 1.00 (0.93, 1.07) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18)* |
| Q3 | 2.28 (2.14, 2.43)*** | 0.91 (0.85, 0.98)* | 1.06 (0.98, 1.14) |
| Q4 | 3.10 (2.91, 3.31)*** | 0.91 (0.84, 0.98)* | 1.12 (1.03, 1.22)** |
| P for trend | 1.44 (1.41, 1.47)*** | 0.96 (0.94, 0.99)** | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06)* |
| Stratified by sexa | |||
| Women | 1.56 (1.50, 1.62)*** | 0.99 (0.95, 1.02) | 1.03 (0.99, 1.07) |
| Men | 1.09 (1.07, 1.11)*** | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) |
| Stratified by raceb | |||
| Mexican American | 1.05 (1.02, 1.08)*** | 0.96 (0.93, 0.99)* | 0.99 (0.96, 1.02) |
| Other hispanic | 1.16 (1.08, 1.25)*** | 1.00 (0.95, 1.05) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.06) |
| Non-hispanic white | 1.35 (1.31, 1.39)*** | 0.99 (0.97, 1.02) | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06)* |
| Non-hispanic black | 1.36 (1.30, 1.43)*** | 0.99 (0.96, 1.03) | 1.02 (0.98, 1.06) |
| Other race | 1.22 (1.14, 1.30)*** | 0.99 (0.93, 1.05) | 1.04 (0.97, 1.11) |
| Stratified by BMIc | |||
| BMI≥30 | 1.26 (1.21, 1.30)*** | 0.99 (0.96, 1.01) | 1.00 (0.97, 1.03) |
| 25 < BMI ≤ 30 | 1.23 (1.20, 1.27)*** | 1.01 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.00 (0.98, 1.03) |
| BMI ≤ 25 | 1.35 (1.31, 1.39)*** | 1.04 (1.01, 1.07)** | 1.03 (1.00, 1.06)* |
Model 1: no covariates were adjusted.
Model 2: age, sex, race were adjusted.
Model 3: age, sex, race, education level, rate of family income to poverty, body mass index (BMI), alcohol use, and smoking behavior were adjusted.
aAll models were not adjusted by sex, b all models were not adjusted by race, c all models were not adjusted by BMI.
BLL, Blood lead levels; BMI Body mass index.
*p <0.05, **p <0.01, ***p <0.001.