Table 2.

Proposed contraindications before exercise training with blood flow restriction exercise for chronic kidney disease patients

Hemodynamic instability during hemodialysis over the last month (blood pressure of 180/105 mmHg systolic/diastolic, respectively during hemodialysis)

Pre-exercise blood pressure above 160/100 mmHg for systolic/diastolic, respectively before exercise

Neurodegenerative diseases

Autoimmune diseases (i.e., lupus erythematosus)

Human immunodeficiency

Symptomatic heart failure

History of nephrolithiasis

Coagulation or presence of signs of thrombophlebitis

Clinical acute coronavirus 2019 disease or other virus infection

Surgery within the past 3 months

Drug or alcohol abuse

Previous diagnosis of coronary artery disease or signs of symptomatic cardiovascular or peripheral vascular disease

Severe arrhythmia, angina or cerebrovascular disease

D-dimer values not in the normal range (220–500 ng/mL)

Admission to an intensive care unit

Previous surgery or vascular access in the upper limbs

Gains above >4 kg of weight since their last dialysis appointment/exercise session

Unstable on dialysis

Frequently changing medication regimen

Pulmonary congestion or peripheral edema

Adapted from previous studies (Barbosa et al., 2018; Cardoso et al., 2020; Clarkson et al., 2020; Corrêa et al., 2021a; Corrêa et al., 2021b; de Deus et al., 2021; Deus et al., 2022; Dias et al., 2020; Gupta et al., 2020; Silva et al., 2021; Smart et al., 2013).