Table 1.
Characteristics of deceased and surviving patients with COVID-19 infection in in ICU
| Variable | All patients (n=51) | Death (n=24) | Survivors (n=27) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||
| Age median (IQR) – years | 63 (19) | 71 (13.25) | 56 (15) | 0.001 |
| Male sex — no./51 (%) | 37/51 (72.54) | 17/24 (70.83) | 20/27 (74.07) | 0.796 |
| Co-existing disorders (past medical history): | ||||
| Any — no./51 (%) | 36/51 (70.58) | 20/24 (83.33) | 16/27 (59.25) | 0.051 |
| Diabetes — no./51 (%) | 15/51 (29.41) | 10/24 (41.66) | 5/27 (18.51) | 0.066 |
| Hypertension — no./51 (%) | 19/51 (37.25) | 11/24 (45.83) | 8/27 (29.62) | 0.234 |
| Cardiovascular disease — no./51 (%) | 19/51 (37.25) | 9/24 (37.50) | 10/27 (37.03) | 0.989 |
| Cerebrovascular disease — no./51 (%) | 3/51 (5.88) | 3/24 (12.50) | 0/27 (0) | 0.061 |
| COPD — no./51 (%) | 2/51 (3.92) | 1/24 (4.16) | 1/27 (3.70) | 0.930 |
| Asthma — no./51 (%) | 2/51 (3.92) | 1/24 (4.16) | 1/27 (3.70) | 0.929 |
| Malignancy (any type) — no./51. (%) | 3/51 (5.88) | 3/24 (12.50) | 0/27 (0) | 0.062 |
| Chronic kidney dx — no./51 (%) | 8/51 (15.68) | 7/24 (29.16) | 1/27 (3.70) | 0.001 |
| Chronic liver disease — no./51 (%) | 1/51 (1.96) | 1/24 (4.16) | 0/27 (0) | 0.279 |
| HIV — no./51 (%) | 0/51 (0) | 0/24 (0) | 0/27 (0) | - |
| Others — no./51 (%) | 15/51 (29.41) | 5/24 (20.83) | 10/27 (37.03) | 0.210 |
| Past drug history | ||||
| ARBs — no./51 (%) | 10/51 (19.60) | 4/24 (16.66) | 6/27 (22.22) | 0.623 |
| ACE inhibitors — no./51 (%) | 4/51 (7.84) | 2/24 (8.33) | 2/27 (7.40) | 0.904 |
| Others — no./51 (%) | 29/51 (56.86) | 14/24 (58.33) | 15/27 (55.55) | 0.843 |
| Serum minerals | ||||
| Median potassium (K) (IQR) — mmol/l | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.7 (0.5) | 3.6 (0.58) | 0.652 |
| Median sodium (Na) (IQR) — mmol/l | 133 (5) | 133 (3) | 134 (4.75) | 0.687 |
| Median calcium (Ca) (IQR) — mg/dL | 8.2 (1.25) | 8.09 (1.56) | 8.35 (1.15) | 0.144 |
| Median Mg (IQR) | 2 (0.4) | 1.95 (0.28) | 2.05 (0.38) | 0.270 |
| Median P (IQR) | 2.92 (1) | 2.9 (2.15) | 2.96 (0.90) | 0.132 |
| Blood gas | ||||
| Metabolic acidosis— no./total no. (%) | 3/15 (20) | 3/9 (33.33) | 0/6 (0) | 0.109 |
| Respiratory acidosis— no./total no. (%) | 6/15 (40) | 1/9 (11.11) | 5/6 (83.33) | 0.009 |
| Metabolic alkalosis— no./total no. (%) | 0/15 (0) | 0/9 (0) | 0/6 (0) | - |
| Respiratory alkalosis— no./total no. (%) | 1/15 (6.66) | 0/9 (0) | 1/6 (16.66) | 0.207 |
| Metabolic acidosis and respiratory acidosis— no./total no. (%) | 2/15 (13.33) | 2/9 (22.22) | 0/6 (0) | 0.224 |
| Metabolic acidosis and respiratory alkalosis— no./total no. (%) | 3/15 (20) | 3/9 (33.33) | 0/6 (0) | 0.110 |
| Metabolic alkalosis and respiratory acidosis— no./total no. (%) | 0/15 (0) | 0/9 (0) | 0/6 (0) | - |
| Metabolic alkalosis and respiratory alkalosis— no./total no. (%) | 0/15 (0) | 0/9 (0) | 0/6 (0) | - |
| The need for ventilator | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation (noninvasive+invasive) — no./51 (%) | 30/51 (58.82) | 22/24 (91.66) | 8/27 (29.62) | 0.001 |
| Noninvasive — no./total no. (%) | 12/51 (23.52) | 5/24 (20.83) | 7/27 (25.92) | 0.673 |
| Invasive — no./total no. (%) | 23/51 (45.09) | 21/24 (87.50) | 2/27 (7.40) | 0.007 |
| Mean duration of non-invasive | 1.06 (2.34) | 0.79 (1.86) | 1.30 (2.71) | 0.453 |
| Mean duration of invasive | 4.51 (7.72) | 7.95 (8.62) | 1.44 (5.29) | 0.009 |
| Supplementary O2 | ||||
| Any type (canula + mask) — no./51 (%) | 44/51 (86.27) | 18/24 (75) | 26/27 (96.29) | 0.028 |
| Canula — no./total no. (%) | 21/51 (41.17) | 4/24 (16.66) | 17/27 (62.96) | 0.007 |
| Mask — no./total no. (%) | 32/51 (62.74) | 16/24 (66.66) | 16/27 (59.25) | 0.587 |
| O2 liter median (IQR) | 6.1 (8) | 7.5 (8.32) | 4.3 (3.6) | 0.743 |
| Medications | ||||
| Oseltamivir — no./51 (%) | 32/51 (62.74) | 16/24 (66.66) | 16/27 (59.25) | 0.589 |
| Hydroxychloroquine — no./51 (%) | 37/51 (72.54) | 16/24 (66.66) | 21/27 (77.77) | 0.381 |
| Lopinavir/Ritonavir — no./51 (%) | 31/51 (60.78) | 13/24 (54.16) | 18/27 (66.66) | 0.358 |
| Ribavirin — no./51 (%) | 4/51 (7.84) | 1/24 (4.16) | 3/27 (11.11) | 0.350 |
| Systemic glucocorticoids — no./51 (%) | 36/51 (70.58) | 18/24 (75) | 18/27 (66.66) | 0.514 |
| Outcomes | ||||
| Discharged from ICU — no./51 (%) | 27/51 (52.94) |
IQR=Interquartile range; ICU=Intensive care units; COPD=Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HIV=Human immunodeficiency virus; ARBs=Angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACE=Angiotensin-converting enzyme; K=Potassium; Na=Sodium; Ca=Calcium; Mg=Magnesium; P=Phosphorus; O2=Oxygen