FIGURE 3.

Schematic diagram of preparation and application of the recellularized scaffolds. (A) The decellularized scaffolds could be obtained via chemical, biological, and physical approaches from human or animal sources. It has been demonstrated that stem cells from embryonic sources have a higher expansion capacity, albeit they are not easily accessible. Conversely, stem cells from adult sources, including mesenchymal stem cells, are highly available, whereas they do not have proliferation and differentiation capability as much as embryonic stem cells. Nevertheless, mesenchymal stem cells are multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into various cell lineages. The iPSC can be obtained via genetic modification of mature cells. Thus, they are highly expansible and readily available. (B) decellularized scaffolds can be used as cell-free grafts, or they can be seeded with stem cells. Decellularized scaffolds with or without stem cells could be transplanted for regeneration of the damaged tissues. Moreover, they are used in drug delivery, drug screening, disease modeling, and studying the pathophysiology of diseases.