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Pathogenesis of POGD and mechanism of intestinal protection by Dex. There are two phases of POGD: the neurogenic phase and inflammatory phase. The extra dose of Dex caused a higher level of Dex plasma concentration from the skin incision to postoperative 8 h, and this period of time is also the time for the POGD development. In the meantime, Dex also induced significantly higher plasma IL-10, but lower IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2, iNOS, LPS, and DLA.
