TABLE 2.

Brief overview of the in vitro studies characterizing the effects of particles on the human cell transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome.

Omics technique	Particle type	Experimental model(s)	Dose and timepoint	Regulated pathway(s)	References
Transcriptomics	Iron oxide (Fe3O4)	RAW264.7, Hepa1–6	30–100 μg/ml; 4–48 h	Immune effects, cell death, homeostatic processes	Liu et al. (2014)
	Silicon dioxide (SiO2)	A549	50–600 μg/ml; 2 h	Inflammation, apoptosis, matrix metalloproteinases	Fede et al. (2014)
	Iron oxide (Fe3O4)	KG1a, HL60	50 μg/ml; 72 h	Lipid metabolism, antioxidation, Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathways	Luo et al. (2020)
Proteomics	Titanium dioxide (TiO2)	BEAS-2B	10 μg/ml; 24 h	Stress response, metabolism, adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, cell growth, cell death, cell signaling	Ge et al. (2011)
	Silicon dioxide (SiO2)	A549	100 μg/ml; 24 h	Apoptosis, cytoskeleton, oxidative stress response, protein synthesis	Okoturo-Evans et al. (2013)
	Silicon dioxide (SiO2)	A549	0.1–6 μg/cm2, 24 and 72 h	Rho signaling cascade, cytoskeleton remodeling, endocytosis, inflammation, coagulation system pathway, oxidative stress	Pisani et al. (2015)
Metabolomics	Aluminum oxide (Al2O3)	HBE	50–500 μg/ml; 24 h	Apoptosis, oxidative stress, mitochondrial function	Li et al. (2015)
	Copper oxide (CuO)	A549	5–40 μg/ml; 4–24 h	Oxidative stress, hypertonic stress, apoptosis	Boyles et al. (2015)
	Carbon black nanoparticles (CBNPs)	A549	70 μg/ml, 48 h	Energy, amino acid, and lipid metabolism	Hou et al. (2020)