Table 4.
Multinomial logistic regression showing whether LCN-2 was an independent influencing factor for DN and CAP.
| T2DM group vs. DN or CAP group | T2DM group vs. DN with CAP group | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | OR (95%CI) | P | OR (95%CI) | P |
| Model 1 | ||||
| Age | 1.050 (1.028-1.072) | <0.001 | 1.089 (1.054-1.125) | <0.001 |
| Gender | 1.013 (0.951-1.078) | 0.464 | 1.360 (0.615-3.009) | 0.448 |
| T2DM duration | 1.080 (1.055-1.106) | <0.001 | 1.093 (1.068-1.119) | <0.001 |
| BMI | 1.005 (0.993-1.017) | 0.696 | 1.001 (0.913-1.097) | 0.985 |
| SBP | 1.223 (0.713-2.098) | 0.414 | 1.016 (1.000-1.033) | 0.045 |
| Smoking | 0.689 (0.426-1.114) | 0.129 | 0.420 (0.209-0.847) | 0.015 |
| LCN-2* | 2.873 (1.798-4.590) | <0.001 | 18.115 (9.259-35.441) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | ||||
| Hypertension | 0.606 (0.422-0.869) | 0.007 | 0.264 (0.167-0.419) | <0.001 |
| DR | 0.861 (0.595-1.246) | 0.427 | 0.708 (0.442-1.133) | 0.150 |
| DPN | 0.414 (0.265-0.648) | <0.001 | 0.182 (0.107-0.310) | <0.001 |
| LCN-2* | 1.996 (1.382-2.884) | <0.001 | 12.012 (7.124-20.253) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | ||||
| ACEI/ARB | 0.595(0.412-0.860) | 0.006 | 0.274 (0.167-0.495) | <0.001 |
| Antidiabetic therapy | ||||
| Insulin | 0.428 (0.179-1.026) | 0.057 | 0.138 (0.038-0.495) | 0.002 |
| OHA | 0.264 (0.171-0.407) | <0.001 | 0.050 (0.024-0.103) | <0.001 |
| Insulin+OHA | 0.390 (0.242-0.628) | <0.001 | 0.040 (0.019-0.084) | <0.001 |
| Lipid-lowering therapy | 1.211 (0.813-1.802) | 0.346 | 0.992 (0.588-1.674) | 0.977 |
| LCN-2* | 2.346 (1.598-3.444) | <0.001 | 15.268 (8.711-26.761) | <0.001 |
| Full model | ||||
| Age | 1.058 (1.034-1.084) | <0.001 | 1.105 (1.065-1.147) | <0.001 |
| T2DM duration | 1.078 (1.049-1.108) | <0.001 | 1.087 (1.058-1.118) | <0.001 |
| Smoking | 0.598 (0.374-0.957) | 0.032 | 0.312 (0.159-0.611) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension | 0.998 (0.604-1.648) | 0.993 | 0.686 (0.344-1.365) | 0.283 |
| DPN | 0.857 (0.466-1.574) | 0.619 | 0.700 (0.306-1.601) | 0.397 |
| ACEI/ARB | 0.796 (0.484-1.311) | 0.371 | 0.732 (0.343-1.560) | 0.419 |
| Insulin | 0.736 (0.247-2.199) | 0.584 | 0.347 (0.071-1.694) | 0.191 |
| OHA | 0.842 (0.485-1.462) | 0.542 | 0.404 (0.164-0.991) | 0.048 |
| Insulin+OHA | 1.125 (0.606-2.089) | 0.709 | 0.530 (0.198-1.420) | 0.207 |
| HbA1c* | 0.531 (0.202-1.398) | 0.200 | 1.303 (0.314-5.404) | 0.716 |
| Scr* | 0.724 (0.197-2.653) | 0.625 | 0.456 (0.079-2.637) | 0.381 |
| UACR* | 1.770 (1.392-2.250) | <0.001 | 2.699 (2.033-3.583) | <0.001 |
| LCN-2* | 3.128 (1.903-5.142) | <0.001 | 18.354 (8.843-38.093) | <0.001 |
*Log transformed before analysis. The use of bold emphasis is to mark the statistically significant indicators.
Model 1, adjusted by basic factors including age, gender, T2DM duration, BMI, SBP, and smoking;
Model 2, adjusted by complication and past history including hypertension, DR, and DPN;
Model 3, adjusted by hypoglycemic and lipid-lowering variables;
Full model, adjusted by variables with P < 0.05 in models 1–3 and all the parameters with significant correlation with serum LCN-2.