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. 2022 Apr 25;13:902031. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.902031

FIGURE 1.

FIGURE 1

The circadian clock and downstream signaling in skeletal muscle. Clock factors regulate the expression of hundreds of genes, often termed clock-controlled genes (CCGs), outside of the circadian feedback loop. In skeletal muscle, these downstream targets are involved in a host of signaling processes that regulate skeletal muscle function, plasticity and adaptation to exercise. See text for details. Abbreviations: CLOCK, Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput; BMAL1, Brain and Muscle ARNT-Like 1; PER, Period; CRY, cryptochrome circadian regulator; ROR, retinoic acid-related orphan receptors; RORE, ROR/REV-ERB-response element; CCGs, clock controlled genes; UBC, Ubiquitin C; MURF1, Muscle RING-finger protein-1; BNIP, BCL2 Interacting Protein; MYOD, myoblast determination protein; HIF-1α, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α; PGC-1α, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α; AMPK, AMP/ADP-dependent protein kinase; AKT, Protein kinase B; SIRT1, Sirtuin 1; GLUT4, Glucose transporter type 4; CD-44, cluster of differentiation 44; IL-6, Interleukin 6; IL-8, Interleukin 8; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; FAPB3, fatty acid binding protein 3. Created with BioRender.com.