Table 1.
Comparisons of demographics between survivors and non-survivors.
| Variables | Total (n = 13,279) | Survivors (n = 12,006) | Non-Survivors (n = 1,273) | P -Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics and characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 67.3 ± 14.3 | 66.6 ± 14.2 | 74.1 ± 13.7 | <0.001 |
| Male, % | 8,339 (62.8) | 7,652 (63.7) | 687 (54.0) | <0.001 |
| Weight, kg | 82.2 ± 19.6 | 82.7 ± 19.5 | 77.5 ± 20.7 | <0.001 |
| Caucasians, % | 9,306 (70.1) | 8,483 (70.7) | 823 (64.7) | 0.001 |
| CCU, % | 5,673 (42.7) | 4,800 (40.0) | 873 (68.6) | <0.001 |
| CSRU, % | 7,606 (56.1) | 7,206 (60.0) | 400 (31.4) | <0.001 |
| SAPS | 18.4 ± 5.2 | 18.0 ± 4.9 | 22.2 ± 6.1 | <0.001 |
| SOFA | 4.2 ± 2.8 | 3.9 ± 2.6 | 6.3 ± 3.8 | <0.001 |
| Interventions | ||||
| Mechanical ventilation use (1st 24 h) | 7,914 (59.6) | 7,187 (59.9) | 727 (57.1) | 0.057 |
| Vasopressor use (1st 24 h) | 7,490 (56.4) | 6,682 (55.7) | 808 (63.5) | <0.001 |
| Vital signs | ||||
| Temperature, °C | 36.8 ± 0.6 | 36.8 ± 0.5 | 36.6 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, bpm | 18.0 ± 3.5 | 17.8 ± 3.3 | 20.0 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| MAP, mmHg | 75.9 ± 9.2 | 76.2 ± 8.8 | 73.3 ± 11.5 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 82.7 ± 13.8 | 82.2 ± 13.3 | 87.0 ± 17.1 | <0.001 |
| SpO2, % | 91.8 ± 7.3 | 92.2 ± 6.4 | 87.7 ± 12.6 | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| CHF, % | 4,067 (30.6) | 3,479 (29.0) | 588 (46.2) | <0.001 |
| CHF–acute, % | 2,283 (17.2) | 1,893 (15.8) | 390 (30.6) | <0.001 |
| CHF–systolic, % | 2,546 (19.2) | 2,108 (17.6) | 438 (34.4) | <0.001 |
| HTN, % | 7,059 (53.2) | 6,590 (54.9) | 469 (36.8) | <0.001 |
| CAD, % | 7,970 (60.0) | 7,449 (62.0) | 521 (40.9) | <0.001 |
| AMI, % | 1,650 (12.4) | 1,408 (11.7) | 242 (19.0) | <0.001 |
| VA, % | 1,185 (8.9) | 965 (8.0) | 220 (17.3) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, % | 3,968 (29.9) | 3,914 (30.1) | 354 (27.8) | 0.089 |
| COPD, % | 164 (1.2) | 128 (1.1) | 36 (2.8) | <0.001 |
| Pneumonia, % | 1,516 (11.4) | 1,212 (10.1) | 304 (23.9) | <0.001 |
| Sepsis, % | 321 (2.4) | 150 (1.2) | 171 (13.4) | <0.001 |
| AKI, % | 1,597 (12.0) | 1,235 (10.3) | 362 (28.4) | <0.001 |
| CKD, % | 869 (6.5) | 740 (6.2) | 129 (10.1) | <0.001 |
| Liver disease, % | 381 (2.9) | 308 (2.6) | 73 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| Hepatitis, % | 298 (2.2) | 259 (2.2) | 39 (3.1) | 0.038 |
| MELD score | 15.8 ± 9.0 | 13.5 ± 7.0 | 24.2 ± 10.4 | <0.001 |
| Stroke, % | 398 (3.0) | 296 (2.5) | 102 (8.0) | <0.001 |
| Cancer, % | 1,898 (14.3) | 1,663 (13.9) | 235 (18.5) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory tests | ||||
| WBC, × 10∧9/L | 12.2 ± 5.8 | 12.0 ± 5.4 | 14.2 ± 8.3 | <0.001 |
| Platelet, × 10∧9/L | 198.8 ± 86.9 | 199.7 ± 84.6 | 218.6 ± 104.0 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 10.9 ± 2.5 | 10.9 ± 2.5 | 11.4 ± 3.1 | <0.001 |
| Sodium, mmol/L | 137.4 ± 3.8 | 137.4 ± 3.6 | 137.7 ± 5.6 | 0.096 |
| Potassium, mmol/L | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 4.4 ± 1.0 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
| Chlorine, mmol/L | 105.7 ± 5.3 | 105.9 ± 5.1 | 104.0 ± 6.9 | <0.001 |
| Glucose, mmol/L | 7.6 ± 2.2 | 7.5 ± 1.9 | 8.8 ± 3.6 | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 1.2 ± 1.1 | 1.1 ± 1.1 | 1.7 ± 1.3 | <0.001 |
| Urea nitrogen, mg/dL | 22.2 ± 16.3 | 20.9 ± 14.7 | 34.8 ± 23.5 | <0.001 |
| Urine output (1st 24 h), mL/kg/h | 1.08 ± 0.72 | 1.10 ± 0.69 | 0.91 ± 0.95 | <0.001 |
| <0.5, % | 2,566 (19.3) | 1,996 (16.6) | 570 (44.8) | |
| 0.5–1.0, % | 4,764 (35.9) | 4,446 (37.0) | 318 (25.0) | |
| 1.0-1.5, % | 3,114 (23.5) | 2,972 (24.8) | 142 (11.2) | |
| 1.5-2.0, % | 1,485 (11.2) | 1,416 (11.8) | 69 (5.4) | |
| ≥2.0, % | 1,350 (10.2) | 1,176 (9.8) | 174 (13.7) | |
| Diuretic, % | 9,358 (70.5) | 8,640 (72.0) | 718 (56.4) | <0.001 |
CCU, coronary care unit; CSRU, cardiac surgery recovery unit; SAPS, simplified acute physiology score; SOFA, sequential organ failure assessment; MAP, mean aortic pressure; SpO2, oxyhemoglobin saturation; CHF, congestive heart failure; HTN, hypertension; CAD, coronary artery disease; AMI, acute myocardial infarction; VA, ventricular arrhythmia; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; AKI, acute kidney injury; CKD, chronic kidney disease; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; WBC, white blood cell.