Table 2.
Suppressive findings for animals and humans.
| References | Subjects/target | Parameters | Major findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Yoo et al. (2011a) | Rabbits (n = 19) | fc: 0.69 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 3.3 and 6.4 W/cm2; | reduction in VEP magnitude | |
| ISPTA: 0.165 and 0.32 W/cm2; | for the P30 component | ||
| PRF: 0.1 kHz; | |||
| DC: 5%; | |||
| SD: 7,000–8,000 ms | |||
| Chu et al. (2015) | Rats (n = 118) | fc: 0.4 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced |
| Somatosensory | MI: 0.3, 0.55, 0.8; | reduction in SSEP magnitude | |
| cortex | PRF: 0.01 kHz; | (2) Sonication induced | |
| DC: 1%; | reduction in SSEP magnitude | ||
| SD: 10 ms | for 60 min with a 0.55 MI | ||
| Kim et al. (2015) | Rats (n = 24) | fc: 0.35 MHz; | (1) Decrease in VEP magnitude |
| Visual area | ISPPA: 1, 3, and 5 W/cm2; | at ISPPA of 3 W/cm2 & 5% DC; | |
| ISPTA: 0.03–0.25 W/cm2; | (2) Lower DC and intensity | ||
| PRF: 0.1 kHz; | combinations did not produce | ||
| DC: 1, 5, 8.3%; | VEP suppression effects | ||
| SE: 150s | |||
| Legon et al. (2014) | Human (n = 10) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced |
| Somatosenory | ISPPA: 5.9 W/cm2; | modulation of short-latency | |
| cortex | ISPTA: 2.124 W/cm2; | and late-onset SEP responses | |
| PRF: 1 kHz; | |||
| DC: 36%; | |||
| SD: 500 ms | |||
| Legon et al. (2018b) | Human (n = 50) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 17.2 W/cm2; l | reduction of MEP and | |
| ISPTA: 6.192 W/cm2; | intracortical facilitation; | ||
| PRF: 1 kHz; | (2) Sonication did not induce | ||
| DC: 36%; | significant changes to short- | ||
| SD: 500 ms | interval intracortical inhibition | ||
| Legon et al. (2018a) | Human (n = 40) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) In SEP, sonication induced |
| Thalamus | ISPPA: 7.02 W/cm2; | reduction of P14 component; | |
| ISPTA: 2.53 W/cm2; | (2) Sonication induced | ||
| PRF: 1 kHz; | attenuation in alpha, beta, and | ||
| DC: 36%; | gamma power bands | ||
| SD: 500 ms | |||
| Daniels et al. (2018) | Rats (n = 22); | fc: 0.23 MHz; | (1) In AEP, sonication induced |
| Pigs (n = 5) | ISPPA: 2.3 and 4.6 W/cm2; | reduction in all animals; | |
| Inferior | ISPTA: 0.07 and 0.14 W/cm2; | (2) Suppression was weaker in | |
| colliculus | PRF: 1 kHz; | rats at the lower intensity | |
| Auditory cortex | DC: 3%; | ||
| SD: 100 ms | |||
| Yoon et al. (2019) | Sheep (n = 10) | fc: 0.25 MHz; | (1) Reduction in SEP |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 5.4 and 11.6 W/cm2; | magnitude of 18–35% | |
| Thalamus | ISPTA: 0.16, 0.35, 0.58 W/cm2; | using an ISPPA of 5.4 W/cm2, | |
| PRF: 0.03, 0.05, 0.06, 0.1 kHz; | and a 3 or 5% DC and a PRF | ||
| DC: 3 and 5 %; | of 0.06 or 0.1 kHz; | ||
| SD: 200 ms | (2) SEP reduction lasted approximately 5 min | ||
| Yu et al. (2021) | Rats (n = 9) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Inhibitory neurons have |
| Somatosenory | ISPPA: 50 mW/cm2; | high spike rates across all | |
| cortex | ISPTA: 3, 15, 30, 45 mW/cm2; | PRFs and DCs | |
| PRF: 0.03, 0.3, 1.5, 3, 4.5 kHz; | |||
| DC: 0.6, 6, 30, 60, 90 %; | |||
| SD: 67 ms | |||
| Darrow et al. (2019) | Rats (n = 1) | fc: 3.2 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced SSEP |
| Thalamus | ISPTA: 0.01–88 W/cm2; | suppression increases with | |
| PRF: 0.5 kHz; | intensity, but unrelated to DC; | ||
| DC: 5–70% | (2) Thermal changes of up 2°C during sonication induced suppression of SSEP |
||
| Fomenko et al. (2020) | Human (n = 18) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced MEP |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 2.32 W/cm2; | suppression using DC of 10% | |
| ISPTA: 0.23, 0.69, 1.16 W/cm2; | with a SD of 0.4 and 0.5 s only | ||
| PRF: 0.2, 0.5, 1 kHz; | |||
| DC: 10, 30, 50% | |||
| SD: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 s | |||
| Cain et al. (2021) | Human (n = 16) | fc: 0.65 MHz; | (1) During sonication, the |
| Left Globus | ISPPA: 14.4 W/cm2; | left globus pallidus had reduced | |
| Pallidus | ISPTA: 0.72 W/cm2; | BOLD using 0.1 kHz PRF; | |
| PRF: 0.1 and 0.01 kHz; | (2) Relative perfusion in left | ||
| DC: 5%; | globus pallidus was decreased | ||
| SE: 30 s per sonication | post-sonication uisng 0.1 kHz | ||
| (10 total sonications) | PRF | ||
| Yang et al. (2021) | Macaque (n = 2) | fc: 0.25 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced reduced |
| Somatosensory | ISPPA: 6 W/cm2; | BOLD activations of primary | |
| cortex | ISPTA: 0.0271 W/cm2; | and secondary somatosensory, | |
| PRF: 2 kHz; | posterior insular, and | ||
| DC: 50%; | midcingulate cortices during peripheral tactile stimulation |