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. 2022 Apr 25;16:872639. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.872639

Table 3.

Behavioral findings for animals and humans.

References Subjects/target Parameters Major findings
Kim et al. (2014a) Rats (n = 37) fc: 0.35 and 0.65 MHz; (1) Sonication induced tail
Motor cortex ISPPA: 4.9–22.4 W/cm2; movement using a DC of 50%
ISPTA: 1–11.2 W/cm2; with an ISPPA between 4.9 and
PRF: 0.06–2.8 kHz; 5.6 W/cm2
DC: 30–100%;
SD: 150–400 ms
Yoo et al. (2011b) Rats (n = 19) fc: 0.65 MHz; (1) Decreased time to voluntary
Thalamus ISPPA: 3.3 and 6 W/cm2; movement and pinch response
ISPTA: 0.17 and 0.3 W/cm2; with an ISPPA = 3.3 W/cm2;
PRF: 0.1 kHz; (2) Decreased anesthetic
DC: 5% duration with an ISPPA of 6 W/cm2
Kubanek et al. (2020) Macaque (n = 2) fc: 0.27 MHz; (1) Sonication induced bias
FEF ISPPA: 11.6 W/cm2; toward rightward and leftward
ISPTA: 0.581 W/cm2; choices congruent to the
PRF: 0.5 kHz; stimulation laterality indicating
DC: 50%; possible neuronal excitation
Li et al. (2019) Mice (n = 17) fc: 2 MHz; (1) Head-turning behavior
Somatosensory ISPPA: 46 W/cm2; during sonication
cortex ISPTA: 13.8 W/cm2;
PRF: 1 kHz;
DC: 30%;
SD: 300 ms
Tufail et al. (2010) Mice (n = 11) fc: 0.25–0.5 MHz; (1) Limb Movements;
Motor cortex ISPPA: 0.075–0.229 W/cm2; (2) No significant changes in
ISPTA: 0.021–0.163 W/cm2; wire-hanging or rotorod task
PRF: 1.2–3 kHz; performance
DC: 19–86%;
SD: 26–333 ms
Yoo et al. (2011a) Rabbits (n = 19) fc: 0.69 MHz; (1) Limb movement using an
Motor cortex ISPPA: 3.3, 6.4, 9.5, 12.6 W/cm2; ISPPA of 12.6 W/cm2
ISPTA: 1.65, 3.2, 4.75, 6.3 W/cm2;
PRF: 0.01 kHz;
DC: 50%;
SD: 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 ms
Legon et al. (2014) Human (n = 10) fc: 0.5 MHz; (1) Increased performance on
Somatosenory ISPPA: 5.9 W/cm2; discrimination task without
Cortex ISPTA: 2.12 W/cm2; affecting attention or response
PRF: 1 kHz; bias
DC: 36%;
SD: 500 ms
Legon et al. (2018a) Human (n = 50) fc: 0.5 MHz; (1) Sonication induced
Motor cortex ISPPA: 17.2 W/cm2; reduction of reaction time
ISPTA: 6.19 W/cm2;
PRF: 1 kHz;
DC: 36%;
SD: 500 ms
Legon et al. (2018b) Human (n = 40) fc: 0.5 MHz; (1) Sonication induced
Thalamus ISPPA: 7.02 W/cm2; reduction of discrimination and
ISPTA: 2.53 W/cm2; performance on two-point
PRF: 1 kHz; discrimination task
DC: 36%;
SD: 500 ms
Monti et al. (2016) Human (n = 1) fc: 0.65 MHz; (1) In 3 days post-sonication,
Thalamus ISPPA: 14.4 W/cm2; the patient displayed increased
ISPTA: 0.72 W/cm2; language comprehension with
PRF: 0.1 kHz; reliable responses to commands
DC: 5%; and ability to communicate;
SE: 30 s per sonication (2) In 11 days post sonication,
(10 total sonications) the patient attempted to walk
Fomenko et al. (2020) Human (n = 18) fc: 0.5 MHz; (1) Reduction in reaction
Motor cortex ISPPA: 2.32 W/cm2; time in visual task
ISPTA: 0.23, 0.69, 1.16 W/cm2;
PRF: 0.2, 0.5, 1 kHz;
DC: 10, 30, 50%
SD: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5s
Liu et al. (2021) Humans (n = 9) fc: 0.5 MHz; (1) Increased accuracy of
Somatosenosry ISPPA: 5.64 W/cm2; vibration frequency
cortex ISPTA: 0.33828 W/cm2; discrimination
PRF: 0.3 kHz;
DC: 6%
Yuan et al. (2020) Mice (n = 29) fc: 0.5 MHz; (1) Whisker and tail movement
Motor cortex ISPPA: 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.1 W/cm2; during and after sonication
ISPTA: 0.08–0.44 W/cm2; with any parameter set
PRF: 1 kHz;
DC: 10, 20, 30, 40%;
SD: 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 ms