Table 3.
Behavioral findings for animals and humans.
| References | Subjects/target | Parameters | Major findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kim et al. (2014a) | Rats (n = 37) | fc: 0.35 and 0.65 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced tail |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 4.9–22.4 W/cm2; | movement using a DC of 50% | |
| ISPTA: 1–11.2 W/cm2; | with an ISPPA between 4.9 and | ||
| PRF: 0.06–2.8 kHz; | 5.6 W/cm2 | ||
| DC: 30–100%; | |||
| SD: 150–400 ms | |||
| Yoo et al. (2011b) | Rats (n = 19) | fc: 0.65 MHz; | (1) Decreased time to voluntary |
| Thalamus | ISPPA: 3.3 and 6 W/cm2; | movement and pinch response | |
| ISPTA: 0.17 and 0.3 W/cm2; | with an ISPPA = 3.3 W/cm2; | ||
| PRF: 0.1 kHz; | (2) Decreased anesthetic | ||
| DC: 5% | duration with an ISPPA of 6 W/cm2 | ||
| Kubanek et al. (2020) | Macaque (n = 2) | fc: 0.27 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced bias |
| FEF | ISPPA: 11.6 W/cm2; | toward rightward and leftward | |
| ISPTA: 0.581 W/cm2; | choices congruent to the | ||
| PRF: 0.5 kHz; | stimulation laterality indicating | ||
| DC: 50%; | possible neuronal excitation | ||
| Li et al. (2019) | Mice (n = 17) | fc: 2 MHz; | (1) Head-turning behavior |
| Somatosensory | ISPPA: 46 W/cm2; | during sonication | |
| cortex | ISPTA: 13.8 W/cm2; | ||
| PRF: 1 kHz; | |||
| DC: 30%; | |||
| SD: 300 ms | |||
| Tufail et al. (2010) | Mice (n = 11) | fc: 0.25–0.5 MHz; | (1) Limb Movements; |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 0.075–0.229 W/cm2; | (2) No significant changes in | |
| ISPTA: 0.021–0.163 W/cm2; | wire-hanging or rotorod task | ||
| PRF: 1.2–3 kHz; | performance | ||
| DC: 19–86%; | |||
| SD: 26–333 ms | |||
| Yoo et al. (2011a) | Rabbits (n = 19) | fc: 0.69 MHz; | (1) Limb movement using an |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 3.3, 6.4, 9.5, 12.6 W/cm2; | ISPPA of 12.6 W/cm2 | |
| ISPTA: 1.65, 3.2, 4.75, 6.3 W/cm2; | |||
| PRF: 0.01 kHz; | |||
| DC: 50%; | |||
| SD: 500, 1,000, 1,500, 2,000 ms | |||
| Legon et al. (2014) | Human (n = 10) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Increased performance on |
| Somatosenory | ISPPA: 5.9 W/cm2; | discrimination task without | |
| Cortex | ISPTA: 2.12 W/cm2; | affecting attention or response | |
| PRF: 1 kHz; | bias | ||
| DC: 36%; | |||
| SD: 500 ms | |||
| Legon et al. (2018a) | Human (n = 50) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 17.2 W/cm2; | reduction of reaction time | |
| ISPTA: 6.19 W/cm2; | |||
| PRF: 1 kHz; | |||
| DC: 36%; | |||
| SD: 500 ms | |||
| Legon et al. (2018b) | Human (n = 40) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Sonication induced |
| Thalamus | ISPPA: 7.02 W/cm2; | reduction of discrimination and | |
| ISPTA: 2.53 W/cm2; | performance on two-point | ||
| PRF: 1 kHz; | discrimination task | ||
| DC: 36%; | |||
| SD: 500 ms | |||
| Monti et al. (2016) | Human (n = 1) | fc: 0.65 MHz; | (1) In 3 days post-sonication, |
| Thalamus | ISPPA: 14.4 W/cm2; | the patient displayed increased | |
| ISPTA: 0.72 W/cm2; | language comprehension with | ||
| PRF: 0.1 kHz; | reliable responses to commands | ||
| DC: 5%; | and ability to communicate; | ||
| SE: 30 s per sonication | (2) In 11 days post sonication, | ||
| (10 total sonications) | the patient attempted to walk | ||
| Fomenko et al. (2020) | Human (n = 18) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Reduction in reaction |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 2.32 W/cm2; | time in visual task | |
| ISPTA: 0.23, 0.69, 1.16 W/cm2; | |||
| PRF: 0.2, 0.5, 1 kHz; | |||
| DC: 10, 30, 50% | |||
| SD: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5s | |||
| Liu et al. (2021) | Humans (n = 9) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Increased accuracy of |
| Somatosenosry | ISPPA: 5.64 W/cm2; | vibration frequency | |
| cortex | ISPTA: 0.33828 W/cm2; | discrimination | |
| PRF: 0.3 kHz; | |||
| DC: 6% | |||
| Yuan et al. (2020) | Mice (n = 29) | fc: 0.5 MHz; | (1) Whisker and tail movement |
| Motor cortex | ISPPA: 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.1 W/cm2; | during and after sonication | |
| ISPTA: 0.08–0.44 W/cm2; | with any parameter set | ||
| PRF: 1 kHz; | |||
| DC: 10, 20, 30, 40%; | |||
| SD: 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 ms |