Applications of tea saponins in leaching remediation for removing heavy metals.
| Heavy metal (form) | Tea saponin concentration | Removal ratio (%) | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pb, Cd, Zn, Cua | 7% | 6.74, 42.38, 13.07, 8.75 | 33 | |
| Pb, Cd, Cr, Mn | 20% | 60.5, 72.6, 10.9, 38.8 | 32 | |
| Pb | (Exchangeable) | 6% | 69.8 | 107 |
| (Carbonate fraction) | 54.8 | |||
| (Fe–Mn oxides) | 30.4 | |||
| (Organic fraction) | 40.9 | |||
| (Residual fraction) | 7.1 | |||
| Pb, Zn, Cu | 22% | ∼35, ∼38, ∼28b | 109 | |
| Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu | 7% | 43.71, 96.36, 71.73, 20.56 | 110 | |
| Pb, Cd | 7% | 50.0, 62.6 | 99 | |
| Pb, Zn, Cu | 4% | 9.72, 22.81, 11.32 | 108 | |
| Pb, Ni | 5.0 g L−1 | 83.5, 87.1 | 30 | |
| Cd, Ni | 7.5 g L−1 | 94.1, 89.4 | 31 | |
a
The order of removal ratios corresponds to the order of heavy metals listed in the first column.
b
These three removal ratios were obtained from figures and are not accurate.