Table 5.

Recommended indications and screening timing for hip ultrasonography

Indications for hip ultrasonography
	Abnormal clinical findings of the hip [3,6,24,25]
	Risk factors: female, breech presentation, family history of DDH, oligohydramnios, intrauterine causes of postural molding, neuromuscular disease [24,25]
	Risk factors: female, breech presentation, family history of DDH [3]
Screening time of ultrasonography: postnatal days
	At 4–6 weeks after birth [24]
	Not performed at younger than 3–4 weeks after birth, unless there are abnormal clinical findings [24]
	Not performed at younger than 6 weeks after birth, unless there are abnormal clinical findings [25]
	At 6–8 weeks after birth (universal screening) [7]
	Not performed at the first 2 weeks after birth [7]
	Not performed during the first 4 weeks after birth (routine screening) [6]
	Selective ultrasonography at 3–4 weeks after birth, if there are suspicious clinical findings [3,6]
	Selective ultrasonography at 6 weeks–6 months for high-risk infants without positive clinical findings [3]
Screening time of ultrasonography: postmenstrual age
	Should be scheduled beyond 44 weeks of postmenstrual age (Screening at <40 weeks of postmenstrual age is too early) [12]