Table 2.
Etiology of myocarditis
| Etiology | Pathogenesis | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Virus | ||
| Coxsackie | Viral replication | [17, 18] |
| H1N1 strains of influenza | [19] | |
| Hepatitis C | [21, 22] | |
| Adenovirus | [20] | |
| Cytomegalovirus | [23] | |
| Echovirus | [24] | |
| Epstein-Barr virus | [26] | |
| Parvovirus B19 | [25] | |
| Human herpes virus 6 genome | [25] | |
| Bacteria | ||
| Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme diseases) | [27] | |
| Parasite | ||
| Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas diseases) | Inflammatory/oxidative stress | [28] |
| Drug | ||
| Phenytoin | ||
| Hydrochlorothiazide | ||
| Furosemide | ||
| Ampicillin | [28] | |
| Tetracycline | ||
| Azithromycin | ||
| Aminophylline | ||
| Phenytoin | ||
| Benzodiazepines | ||
| Tricyclic antidepressants | ||
| Tumor necrosis factor antagonists | ||
| Vaccine | ||
| Smallpox | [32, 33] | |
| COVID 19 | [30, 31] |
COVID-19, coronavirus 2019.