Table 3.
Univariate and multivariate analyses of the explanatory variables associated with feeling unsafe at school among girls.
| Variables | Category | Never/sometimes safe | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | |||||||
| N (%) | Mean (SD) | OR (95%CI) | ||||||
| Sex | Girl | 3,415 (31.3) | .. | .. | .. | .. | ||
| Country | Finland | 171 (11.5) | .. | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Norway | 131 (13.9) | .. | 1.24 (0.97-1.58) | 1.96 (1.48-2.61)* | 1.88 (1.41–2.51)* | |||
| Israel | 101 (14.6) | .. | 1.31 (1.00-1.70)* | 1.31 (0.94-1.82) | .. | |||
| Greece | 101 (18.2) | .. | 1.70 (1.30-2.23)* | 3.02 (2.22–4.11)* | 3.01 (2.21–4.12)* | |||
| India | 153 (17.8) | .. | 1.66 (1.31–2.10)* | 3.33 (2.32–4.80)* | 3.67 (2.53–5.31)* | |||
| Iran | 139 (25.6) | .. | 2.64 (2.06–3.39)* | 2.35 (1.76–3.13)* | 2.46 (1.84–3.29)* | |||
| Indonesia | 164 (30.3) | .. | 3.33 (2.61–4.24)* | 3.74 (2.79–5.00)* | 3.74 (2.79–5.02)* | |||
| Lithuania | 387 (31.4) | .. | 3.50 (2.87–4.28)* | 3.45 (2.73–4.37)* | 3.65 (2.87–4.65)* | |||
| Singapore | 390 (35.4) | .. | 4.21 (3.43–5.15)* | 5.50 (4.36–6.94)* | 5.65 (4.46–7.15)* | |||
| China | 499 (48.8) | .. | 7.30 (5.97–8.93)* | 11.03 (8.58–14.17)* | 11.59 (8.95–15.01)* | |||
| Russia | 294 (54.7) | .. | 9.24 (7.32–11.66)* | 9.05 (6.93–11.82)* | 9.09 (6.94–11.92)* | |||
| Vietnam | 239 (49.6) | .. | 7.54 (5.94–9.58)* | 7.91 (6.03–10.39)* | 8.28 (6.27–10.94)* | |||
| Japan | 646 (69.8) | .. | 17.76 (14.36–21.96)* | 20.15 (15.58–26.07)* | .. | |||
| Age | 13 | 1,024 (28.5) | .. | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| 14 | 1,647 (35.7) | .. | 1.39 (1.27–1.53)* | 0.92 (0.81–1.04) | 0.94 (0.83–1.07) | |||
| 15 | 744 (27.3) | .. | 0.94 (0.84–1.05) | 0.88 (0.76–1.01) | 0.91 (0.79–1.05) | |||
| Bullying victimization | Not victimized | 2,085 (26.5) | .. | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Traditional only | 725 (43.3) | .. | 2.11 (1.90–2.36)* | 1.83 (1.59–2.10)* | 1.83 (1.58–2.12)* | |||
| Cyber only | 191 (35.7) | .. | 1.54 (1.28–1.85)* | 1.53 (1.23–1.91)* | 1.50 (1.19–1.89)* | |||
| Combined | 340 (52.3) | .. | 3.04 (2.58–3.57)* | 2.70 (2.20–3.31)* | 2.55 (2.06–3.15)* | |||
| Emotional and behavioral difficulties | Externalizing | .. | 7.07 (3.03) | 1.60 (1.54–1.67)* | 1.06 (1.04–1.08)* | 1.06 (1.03–1.08)* | ||
| Internalizing | .. | 7.35 (3.61) | 1.72 (1.65–1.80)* | 1.10 (1.08–1.12)* | 1.09 (1.07–1.11)* | |||
| Perceived difficulties | No | 703 (18.1) | .. | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Mild | 1,378 (32.0) | .. | 2.31 (2.08–2.57)* | .. | 1.18 (1.04–1.34)* | |||
| Moderate/Severe | 665 (38.9) | .. | 3.56 (3.11–4.08)* | .. | 1.55 (1.29–1.86)* | |||
| Teacher care | Always/Often | 893 (14.4) | .. | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Never/Sometimes | 2,499 (53.5) | .. | 6.82 (6.22–7.47)* | 5.35 (4.81–5.95)* | 5.14 (4.58–5.77)* | |||
| School type | Private | 302 (26.1) | .. | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Public | 3,103 (32.1) | .. | 1.33 (1.16–1.53)* | 0.88 (0.68–1.13) | 0.90 (0.70–1.16) | |||
| School location | Urban | 2,430 (28.5) | .. | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
| Rural | 959 (42.2) | .. | 1.84 (1.67–2.02)* | 1.07 (0.92–1.23) | 1.05 (0.89–1.23) | |||
Differences in the numbers of participants between tables are due to missing information.
Asterisk (*) indicates statistical significance (p < 0.05).
SD, standard deviation; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
a
Adjusted for all explanatory variables, except perceived difficulties.
b
Adjusted for all explanatory variables, excluding Japan and Israel.