TABLE 1.
Characteristics of the studies included for meta-analysis.
| References | Location | Design | Sample size | Population | Proportion of male | DM _LTBI |
DM _nonLTBI |
NonDM _LTBI |
NonDM _nonLTBI |
Risk of bias |
| Arnedo-Pena et al. (32) | Spain | Cohort study | 198 | Contacts | 50.6% | 1 | 3 | 17 | 177 | Low |
| Salindri et al. (38) | United States | Cross-sectional study | 132 | Community residents | 44.7% | 9 | 89 | 5 | 29 | Moderate |
| Barron et al. (18) | United States | Cross-sectional study | 4958 | Community residents | 47.8% | 65 | 500 | 152 | 3145 | Low |
| Bennett et al. (33) | United States | Cross-sectional study | 4187 | Refugees | 50.5% | 76 | 100 | 747 | 3264 | Low |
| Chan-Yeung et al. (33) | HK, China | Cross-sectional study | 3605 | Residents in old age homes | 27.5% | 423 | 1245 | 383 | 1554 | Moderate |
| El-Sokkary et al. (35) | Egypt | Cross-sectional study | 132 | Health care workers | 22.7% | 20 | 10 | 18 | 84 | Moderate |
| Hensel et al. (36) | United States | Cross-sectional study | 681 | Refugees | 55.0% | 23 | 31 | 104 | 302 | Low |
| Jackson et al. (19) | United Kingdom | Cross-sectional study | 9157 | Community residents | 50.0% | 238 | 518 | 2296 | 6105 | Low |
| Khawcharoenporn et al. (37) | Thailand | Cohort study | 150 | HIV-infected patients | 52.7% | 2 | 4 | 34 | 110 | Low |
| Kubiak et al. (23) | India | Cross-sectional study | 1113 | Household contacts | 35.2% | 44 | 25 | 561 | 483 | Low |
| Lin et al. (20) | Taiwan, China | Cross-sectional study | 3401 | community residents | 46.4% | 623 | 2325 | 44 | 409 | Low |
| Martinez et al. (22) | United States | Cross-sectional study | 4215 | Population | 49.2% | 59 | 717 | 82 | 1916 | Low |
| Nanth et al. (21) | Malaysia | Cross-sectional study | 763 | Non-communicable disease patients from clinic | 49.1% | 115 | 289 | 105 | 254 | Low |
| Shivakumar et al. (17) | India | Cross-sectional study | 639 | Household contacts | 43.6% | 47 | 16 | 321 | 81 | Low |
| Shu et al. (39) | Taiwan, China | Cross-sectional study | 427 | Adult patients receiving long-term dialysis | 53.0% | 24 | 84 | 67 | 252 | Moderate |
| Stockbridge et al. (25) | United States | Cross-sectional study | 3997986 | Household contacts | 49.4% | 11225 | 222,637 | 161857 | 3602267 | Low |
| Suwanpimolkul et al. (40) | United States | Cross-sectional study | 23018 | Individuals seeking medical attention at the Tuberculosis Clinic | Unknown | 1158 | 332 | 16698 | 4830 | Low |
| Ting et al. (41) | Taiwan, China | Cross-sectional study | 1018 | In-patients and out- patients | 52.5% | 48 | 99 | 248 | 623 | Low |
| Wang et al. (42) | Taiwan, China | Cohort study | 583 | Household contacts | 33.3% | 8 | 9 | 168 | 398 | Low |
| Yeon et al. (24) | South Korea | Cross-sectional study | 1655 | Healthcare workers | 25.6% | 4 | 8 | 263 | 1376 | Moderate |
DM, diabetes mellitus; LTBI, latent tuberculosis infection.