Table 3.

Types of D&A and respective sub-themes based on literature in the EMR.

Types of D&A	Sub-themes identified through this literature review
1 Physical Abuse	• Overuse of routine interventions • Hitting • Insufficient pain medication
2 Non-Consented Care	• Unconsented routine interventions • Hierarchical care and limited decision-making power • Limited information for decision-making and consent
3 Non-Confidential Care	• Lack of physical protection of patient confidentiality • Overcrowding
4 Non-Dignified Care	• Verbal abuse • Dehumanized care
5 Discrimination	• Personal characteristics • Language
6 Abandonment	• Lack of companionship • Neglect
7 Detention	• Culture of bribes and Informal payments