Fig. 5. Observations of the morphological changes in GES-1 after co-incubation in 15 mg L⁻¹ of ZnO NPs, 500 mg L⁻¹ of CPP, 300 mg L⁻¹ of VC with different combination groups for 24 h. (a) The control cells stained by DAPI; (b) the cells treated with (ZnO + CPP) for 24 h and stained by DAPI; (c) the cells treated with (CPP + VC) for 24 h and stained by DAPI; (d) the cells treated with (ZnO + CPP) for 12 h + VC for 12 h and stained by DAPI; (e) the cells treated with (CPP + VC) for 12 h + ZnO for 12 h and stained by DAPI; (f) the cells treated with (ZnO + CPP + VC) for 24 h and stained by DAPI; (g) the cells treated with (ZnO + VC) for 24 h and stained by DAPI; (h) the cells treated with (ZnO + VC) for 12 h + CPP for 12 h and stained by DAPI.