Table 3.
Mixed-effect Tobit regression (outcome: CES-D of caregiver)
| Unadjusted model | Adjusted model | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Partial regression coefficient (95% CI) | P value | Partial regression coefficient (95% CI) | P value | ||
| Variable related to caregivers | |||||
| Subjective burden (ZBI) | 0.27 (0.21 to 0.33) | < 0.001 | 0.18 (0.11 to 0.24) | < 0.001 | |
| Quality of care-relationship | − 0.61 (− 0.91 to − 0.31) | < 0.001 | − 0.35 (− 0.63 to − 0.06) | 0.017 | |
| Expressive social support | − 0.39 (− 0.50 to − 0.29) | < 0.001 | − 0.28 (− 0.37 to − 0.19) | < 0.001 | |
| Objective burden (OCBS) | 0.07 (0.04 to 0.11) | < 0.001 | 0.00 (− 0.03 to 0.03) | 0.930 | |
| Number of health conditions | No health condition (reference) | ||||
| 1 or more health condition | 1.65 (0.47 to 2.84) | 0.006 | 0.79 (− 0.24 to 1.82) | 0.132 | |
| Age | 0.02 (− 0.02 to 0.07) | 0.326 | |||
| Gender | Male (reference) | ||||
| Female | 0.90 (− 0.39 to 2.19) | 0.172 | 0.36 (− 0.79 to 1.50) | 0.542 | |
| Ethnicity | Chinese (reference) | ||||
| Malay | − 1.72 (− 2.96 to − 0.47) | 0.007 | 0.23 (− 0.76 to 1.22) | 0.652 | |
| Indian | 0.49 (− 1.58 to 2.55) | 0.644 | 1.83 (0.21 to 3.44) | 0.026 | |
| Others | 1.93 (− 1.60 to 5.45) | 0.285 | 3.00 (0.60 to 5.40) | 0.014 | |
| Educational qualification | No qualification (Reference) | ||||
| Primary | − 1.62 (− 4.62 to 1.39) | 0.292 | |||
| Secondary | − 1.70 (− 4.60 to 1.19) | 0.249 | |||
| Post-secondary/polytechnic | − 3.00 (− 6.01 to 0.01) | 0.050 | |||
| University | − 2.57 (− 6.14 to 1.00) | 0.158 | |||
| Employment status | Employed full time (reference) | ||||
| Employed part time | 1.31 (− 0.73 to 3.35) | 0.207 | |||
| Unemployed | 0.73 (− 0.50 to 1.95) | 0.245 | |||
| Relationship with patient | Spousal (reference) | ||||
| Children | − 0.37 (− 1.62 to 0.87) | 0.555 | 0.76 (− 0.34 to 1.86) | 0.174 | |
| Others | − 0.04 (− 2.04 to 1.95) | 0.966 | − 0.74 (− 2.40 to 0.92) | 0.381 | |
| Time period | 3rd month (reference) | ||||
| 1st year | − 1.44 (− 2.28 to − 0.60) | 0.001 | − 1.00 (− 1.80 to − 0.20) | 0.014 | |
| Variable related to patient | |||||
| Age | 0.03 (− 0.02 to 0.09) | 0.183 | 0.02 (− 0.03 to 0.06) | 0.422 | |
| Gender | Male (reference) | ||||
| Female | − 0.73 (− 1.93 to 0.46) | 0.228 | − 0.64 (− 1.78 to 0.51) | 0.275 | |
| Ethnicitya | Chinese (reference) | ||||
| Malay | − 1.49 (− 2.75 to − 0.22) | 0.021 | |||
| Indian | 0.05 (− 1.92 to 2.02) | 0.959 | |||
| Others | 2.00 (− 1.83 to 5.83) | 0.307 | |||
| CES-D | 0.33 (0.25 to 0.40) | < 0.001 | 0.16 (0.09 to 0.23) | < 0.001 | |
p < 0.05 are indicated in bold
CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression; CI, confidence interval; OCBS, Oberst Caregiving Burden Score; ZBI, Zarit burden interview
aOverall was not significant, hence was not included in the adjusted model