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. 2022 May 9;12:7570. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11230-8

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HIV-1 infection is restricted in ALFQ-treated MDM. Primary human monocytes were differentiated into MDM following in vitro culture with M-CSF media. At day 4 post-culture, the cells were pre-treated with ALF55 or ALFQ for 24 h. Untreated MDM (no adjuvant) cultures served as controls. Cells were washed and infected with US-1 (4 ng p24). Cultures were harvested at day 1 and day 5 post-infection (p.i) and analyzed for the presence of intracellular p24 by flow cytometry. (a) Values (blue boxes, day 1 p.i; red boxes, day 5 p.i) in the upper right quadrant(s) of the plots represent the percentage of HIV-1-infected MDM under each treatment. (b) Scatter dot plots (open circles, day 1 p.i; filled circles, day 5 p.i) represent the data from triplicate wells of 4 donors and show the percentage of HIV-1-infected MDM (mean ± s.d.) in untreated (no adjuvant) MDM (black circles), MDM treated with ALF55 (brown circles) or with ALFQ (magenta circles). Statistical difference between the treatments was determined by One-way ANOVA. Statistically significant differences between % of infected cells at day 1 and day 5 p.i for each of the treatments as well as differences in % of infected cells between ALF55- and ALFQ-treated MDM at day 5 p.i. are shown. ****P < 0.0001. (c) Scatter dot plots show the percentage (mean ± s.d.) of apoptotic and necrotic MDM in the untreated cultures (black circles), cultures treated with ALF55 (brown circles) or ALFQ (magenta circles) at day 1 and day 5 post-infection of triplicate wells of four donors. Two independent experiments were conducted. The percentage (mean ± s.d.) of apoptotic and necrotic MDM was compared between the groups by One-way ANOVA and were not statistically different (n.s.) at each time-point. (d) Scatter dot plots represent the amount of captured virus and show the amount of HIV-1 RNA per 10⁶ MDM (mean ± s.d.) in untreated (no adjuvant) MDM (black circles), MDM treated with ALF55 (brown circles) or with ALFQ (magenta circles). of triplicate wells of three donors. The groups were compared by One-way ANOVA and were not statistically different.