Kosman et al., 1948 |
Salmons, 2009 |
Skeletal muscle electrical stimulation |
Promote skeletal muscle regeneration and prevent skeletal muscle atrophy |
Taub et al., 1974 |
Linderoth and Foreman, 1999 |
Spinal cord stimulation |
Inhibit apoptosis and synaptic stripping |
Burton, 1976 |
Johnson and Tabasam, 2003 |
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation |
Mediate decreased local inflammatory mediators and elevated pain thresholds |
Kadekaro et al., 1985 |
Schmidt, 2019 |
Dorsal root ganglion stimulation |
Suppress the excitability of the dorsal root ganglion |
Gybels and Vancalenbergh, 1990 |
Gordon, 2016 |
Peripheral nerve stimulation |
Promote axon regeneration and the exactness of axon growth; activated Schwann cells secrete glutamate and exosomes to enhance the ability of regeneration and inhibit apoptosis |
Leem et al., 1995 |
Wang et al., 2019 |
Subcutaneous electrical stimulation |
Reduce inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis and activate Aβ and Aδ fibers to relieve pain |