Table 2.
Constituents of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles and their effects on target cells
| Constituent | Tissue/systemic response | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Lipid | ||
| Phosphatidylserine | Regulate tissue factor to facilitate coagulation | Morrissey et al., 2010; Tripisciano et al., 2017; Rosas et al., 2020 |
| Glycoprotein | ||
| CD61 | Bind to fibrin fibers to promote coagulation | Zubairova et al., 2015 |
| CD40L | Induce B cell response and IgG production to promote inflammation | Sprague et al., 2008 |
| Nucleic acid | ||
| Mitochondrial DNA | Recognized by Toll-like receptors and enhance inflammatory and autoimmune response in systemic lupus erythematosus | Berg and Klein, 1986; Sandhir et al., 2017 |
| microRNA | • miRNA-21 leads to neuroinflammation and nerve injury after traumatic brain injury | Cheng et al., 2012; Harrison et al., 2016 |
| • miRNA-24 inhibits tumor growth | ||
| mRNA | Contribute to distinct effects through mRNA translation | Linge et al., 2018 |
| Cytokine | ||
| Interleukin-1 Interleukin-6 Interleukin-8 |
Several potent cytokines have effects on innate and adaptive immune cells | Bester and Pretorius, 2016 |
| Organelle | ||
| Mitochondria | •Generate antigens and recognized by Toll-like receptors to activate the immune system | Zhao et al., 2016; Linge et al., 2018 |
| •Promote coagulation though cardiolipin exclusively located in the mitochondrial inner membrane | ||
| Growth factor | ||
| Vascular endothelial growth factor | Regulate revascularization | Brill et al., 2005; Guo et al., 2017 |
| Basic fibroblast growth factor | ||
| Platelet-derived growth factor |