Table 1.

Overview of graphene and graphene-based materials

Type	Physicochemical properties	Main applications
Graphene	High electrical conductivity, high thermal conductivity, high mechanical strength and good optical properties	-Electrochemical biosensor
		-Antibacterial
GO	High specific surface energy, good hydrophilicity and mechanical strength properties	-Promote the adhesion and proliferation of stem cells;
		-Promote osteogenic differentiation of stem cells;
		-Promote stem cells to differentiate into neurons;
		-Optical biosensor;
		-Drug carrier;
		-Gene vector;
		-Photodynamic therapy;
		-Photothermal therapy;
		-Biological imaging;
		-Antibacterial
rGO	Good optical properties	-Promote the adhesion and proliferation of stem cells;
		-Promote stem cells to differentiate into neurons;
		-Photothermal therapy;
		-Photodynamic therapy;
		-Biological imaging;
		-Antibacterial
Nitrogen -doped graphene	Good biocompatibility and strong electrocatalysis ability	-Biosensor;
		-Photodynamic therapy;
		-Antibacterial
Graphane	Semiconductor properties	Biosensor