Table 3.

Incidence rates and hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between race/ancestry and incident prostate cancer in HPFS cohort by pre-PSA era and PSA era

	No. of cases	HR (95% CI)		Multivariable-adjusted*
		Crude Incidence / 100,000 PY	Age/calendar time-adjusted
Pre-PSA era (1986–1994)	1,556	134
Race
White	1,511	134	ref	1.00 (ref)
African American	28	234	1.63 (1.11, 2.39)	1.68 (1.14, 2.48)
Asian American	17	75	0.76 (0.47, 1.22)	0.86 (0.53, 1.39)
European ancestry
Southern European	353	118	ref	1.00 (ref)
Scandinavian	175	136	1.19 (0.99, 1.43)	1.11 (0.92, 1.34)
Other European	983	141	1.02 (0.90, 1.16)	0.97 (0.86, 1.10)
PSA era (1994–2016)	5,532	743
Race
White	5,398	748	ref	1.00 (ref)
African American	61	817	1.08 (0.84, 1.40)	1.20 (0.93, 1.56)
Asian American	73	476	0.65 (0.51, 0.82)	0.72 (0.57, 0.92)
European ancestry
Southern European	1,324	684	ref	1.00 (ref)
Scandinavian	602	726	1.07 (0.97, 1.18)	1.06 (0.96, 1.17)
Other European	3,472	780	1.12 (1.05, 1.19)	1.10 (1.03, 1.17)

Abbreviations: CI: confidence interval; PY: person-years

^*Models adjusted for age, calendar time, height (≤68, >68–70, >70–72, >72 inches), body mass index (<21, 21 to <25, 25 to <30, 30+ kg/m²), vigorous physical activity (MET-hours/week, quartiles), smoking status (never, former/quit <10 years ago, former/quit 10+ years ago, or current), time-updating family history of prostate cancer, PSA testing in the two years prior to the questionnaire date (lagged by one period to avoid counting diagnostic PSA tests as screening-excluded from pre-PSA model), PSA testing in >50% of possible time periods (lagged by one period-excluded from pre-PSA model), total energy intake (kilo-calories/day, quartiles), coffee intake (none, <1, 1 to <2, 2 to <3, 3+ cups/day), tomato sauce intake (servings/week, quartiles), and calcium intake (mg/day, quartiles)