TABLE 1.
Demographic, Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Results According to MIS-C Severity and Socioeconomic Status
| Variables | Entire Cohort | Mild MIS-C | Severe MIS-C | P | Low ADI (≤5) | High ADI (>5) | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall frequencies, n (%) | 206 (100) | 118 (57) | 88 (43) | NA | 118 (57) | 88 (43) | NA |
| Age, n (%) | |||||||
| <6 yr | 56 (27) | 43 (36) | 13 (15) | <0.001 | 34 (29) | 22 (25) | 0.635 |
| 6–12 yr | 88 (43) | 48 (41) | 40 (45) | 0.569 | 54 (46) | 34 (39) | 0.322 |
| >12 yr | 62 (30) | 27 (23) | 35 (40) | 0.014 | 30 (25) | 32 (36) | 0.094 |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||||
| Female | 92 (45) | 54 (46) | 38 (43) | 0.777 | 50 (42) | 42 (48) | 0.480 |
| Male | 114 (55) | 64 (54) | 50 (57) | 0.777 | 68 (58) | 46 (52) | 0.480 |
| BMI rank, n (%) | |||||||
| Underweight (BMI <5th) | 11 (5) | 8 (7) | 3 (3) | 0.359 | 8 (7) | 3 (3) | 0.359 |
| Healthy weight (5th ≤BMI <85th) | 109 (53) | 69 (58) | 40 (45) | 0.068 | 70 (59) | 39 (44) | 0.035 |
| Overweight (85th ≤BMI) | 86 (42) | 41 (35) | 45 (51) | 0.022 | 40 (34) | 46 (52) | 0.010 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |||||||
| Hispanic | 100 (49) | 59 (50) | 41 (47) | 0.674 | 43 (36) | 57 (65) | <0.001 |
| Non-Hispanic White | 42 (20) | 27 (23) | 15 (17) | 0.382 | 33 (28) | 9 (10) | 0.002 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 47 (23) | 20 (17) | 27 (31) | 0.029 | 27 (23) | 20 (23) | 1.000 |
| Non-Hispanic other | 17 (8) | 12 (10) | 5 (6) | 0.311 | 15 (13) | 2 (2) | 0.009 |
| Insurance type, n (%) | |||||||
| Commercial | 81 (39) | 50 (42) | 31 (35) | 0.316 | 64 (54) | 17 (19) | <0.001 |
| Government | 115 (56) | 63 (53) | 52 (59) | 0.479 | 47 (40) | 68 (77) | <0.001 |
| Self-pay | 10 (5) | 5 (4) | 5 (6) | 0.747 | 7 (6) | 3 (3) | 0.521 |
| ADI, n (%) | |||||||
| Low (≤5) | 118 (57) | 78 (66) | 40 (45) | 0.004 | NA | NA | NA |
| High (>5) | 88 (43) | 40 (34) | 48 (55) | 0.004 | NA | NA | NA |
| Vaccination status at admission, n (%) | |||||||
| Vaccinated | 4 (2) | 3 (3) | 1 (1) | 0.637 | 4 (3) | 0 (0) | 0.137 |
| Not vaccinated | 202 (98) | 115 (97) | 87 (99) | 0.637 | 114 (97) | 88 (100) | 0.137 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||||
| Prolonged LOS (>6 d), n (%) | 118 (57) | 46 (39) | 72 (82) | <0.001 | 59 (50) | 59 (67) | 0.016 |
| ICU admission, n (%) | 144 (70) | 56 (47) | 88 (100) | <0.001 | 77 (65) | 67 (76) | 0.124 |
| Mechanical ventilation, n (%) | 25 (12) | 0 (0) | 25 (28) | <0.001 | 11 (9) | 14 (16) | 0.196 |
| Inotropic-vasoactive support, n (%) | 88 (43) | 0 (0) | 88 (100) | <0.001 | 40 (34) | 48 (55) | 0.004 |
| Steroids alone, n (%) | 36 (17) | 34 (29) | 2 (2) | <0.001 | 115 (97) | 84 (95) | 0.463 |
| Steroids + immunomodulator, n (%) | 163 (79) | 77 (65) | 86 (98) | <0.001 | 91 (77) | 72 (82) | 0.489 |
| LV EF, %, median (IQR) | 59 (51–64) | 62 (56–65) | 53 (44–60) | <0.001 | 60 (53–65) | 56 (48–63) | 0.029 |
| Laboratory results, median (IQR) | |||||||
| BNP, pg/mL | 125 (42–459) | 79 (29–252) | 296 (96–886) | <0.001 | 114 (35–459) | 141 (51–423) | 0.501 |
| Lactate, mmol/L | 1.6 (1.6–1.6) | 1.6 (1.6–1.6) | 1.6 (1.4–2.5) | 0.016 | 1.6 (1.6–1.6) | 1.6 (1.5–1.8) | 0.813 |
| CRP, mg/dL | 17.6 (8.8–23.3) | 15.4 (7.5–21.2) | 21.4 (15.2–26.5) | <0.001 | 17.1 (7.9–22.9) | 18.9 (14.0–24.6) | 0.136 |
| WBC, 10^3/uL | 9.3 (6.8–12.4) | 8.0 (6.1–11.1) | 10.7 (8.5–13.9) | <0.001 | 9.1 (6.4–11.6) | 9.7 (7.5–12.6) | 0.089 |
| Ferritin, ng/mL | 311 (184–621) | 249 (130–463) | 418 (267–786) | <0.001 | 314 (191–636) | 311 (176–597) | 0.758 |
| Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 3.8 (1.5–9.2) | 2.2 (1.1–5.4) | 7.2 (2.9–15.0) | <0.001 | 3.9 (1.6–9.6) | 3.4 (1.5–9.1) | 0.692 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.4 (0.3–0.6) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | <0.001 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.5 (0.4–0.8) | 0.584 |
| BUN, mg/dL | 13 (10–19) | 12 (9–16) | 17 (12–28) | <0.001 | 13 (11–19) | 13 (9–18) | 0.191 |
| INR | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | 1.3 (1.2–1.4) | <0.001 | 1.2 (1.1–1.3) | 1.2 (1.2–1.3) | 0.037 |
| Fibrinogen, mg/dL | 556 (496–658) | 546 (467–616) | 578 (508–717) | 0.026 | 541 (495–623) | 590 (511–705) | 0.100 |
| D-dimer, ug/mL FEU | 3.3 (2.2–4.7) | 3.2 (1.9–4.4) | 3.5 (2.7–5.1) | 0.010 | 3.4 (2.3–4.6) | 3.0 (2.1–4.8) | 0.479 |
| Protime, s | 15.6 (14.8–16.4) | 15.6 (14.6–15.6) | 15.9 (15.2–17.2) | <0.001 | 15.6 (14.7–16.1) | 15.6 (15.3–16.7) | 0.016 |
| Thrombin time, s | 15.6 (15.1–16.1) | 15.6 (15.5–16.3) | 15.5 (14.7–16.0) | 0.011 | 15.6 (15.4–16.3) | 15.6 (14.8–15.9) | 0.027 |
| Platelets, 10^3/uL | 157 (112–208) | 170 (125–230) | 143 (102–191) | 0.003 | 156 (113–212) | 157 (108–200) | 0.570 |
| HGB, g/dL | 11.4 (10.4–12.3) | 11.2 (10.2–12.3) | 11.4 (10.6–12.4) | 0.269 | 11.4 (10.3–12.4) | 11.2 (10.5–12.0) | 0.574 |
| HCT, % | 33.2 (31.0–36.2) | 33.1 (31.0–35.8) | 33.7 (31.0–36.6) | 0.548 | 33.4 (31.1–36.7) | 33.0 (31.0–35.7) | 0.602 |
BNP indicates Brain natriuretic peptide; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; CRP, C-reactive protein; HCT, hematocrit; HGB, hemoglobin; ICU, intensive care unit; INR, international normalized ratio; LOS, length of stay; LV EF, left ventricular ejection fraction; NA, not applicable; WBC, white blood cell.