Table 2.
Non-pharmacologic management options
| Intervention | ACR 2019 | AAOS 2021 | OARSI 2019 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exercise | Strongly recommended | Strongly recommend | Strongly recommend |
| Balance training | Conditionally recommended | Moderately recommend | Strongly recommend |
| Weight loss | Strongly recommended | Moderately recommend for patients with symptomatic knee OA and BMI ≥25 | Strongly recommend |
| Self-management | Strongly recommended | Strongly recommend | Conditionally recommend (high consensus) |
| Tai Chi | Strongly recommended | Strongly recommend | |
| Yoga | Conditionally recommended | Strongly recommend | |
| Cognitive behavioral therapy | Conditionally recommended | Conditionally recommend (low consensus) | |
| Cane | Strongly recommended | Moderately recommend | Conditionally recommend (high consensus) |
| Tibiofemoral braces | Strongly recommended | Moderately recommend | |
| Patellofemoral braces | Conditionally recommended | Moderately recommend | |
| Kinestiotaping | Conditionally recommended | Inconclusive | |
| Modified shoes | Conditionally recommended against | ||
| Lateral and medial wedged insoles | Conditionally recommended against | Moderately recommend against | |
| Acupuncture | Conditionally recommended | Limited evidence | |
| Thermal interventions | Conditionally recommended | Limited evidence | |
| Radiofrequency ablation | Conditionally recommended | Limited evidence | |
| Massage therapy | Conditionally recommended against | Limited evidence | |
| Manual therapy | Conditionally recommended against | Limited evidence | |
| Pulsed vibration therapy | Conditionally recommended against | Limited evidence | |
| Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation | Strongly recommended against | Limited evidence | |
| Extracorporeal Shockwave therapy | Limited evidence |