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. 2022 May 9;12:7581. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-11553-6

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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NETs formation in PMNs exposed to PM_10. PMNs were exposed to 10, 50, and 100 μg/mL PM₁₀ for 3 h. Negative control (culture medium); positive control (PMA). (a) NETs release was analyzed microscopically, and MPO, NE, and DNA were quantified with ImageJ software. (b) Representative fluorescence microscopy images of NETs. Images show colocalization of MPO (red), NE (green) with DNA fibers released (blue) from released NETs. All data are represented as mean ± SEM of 9 healthy donors. *p < 0.05; ***p < 0.001 by Kruskal–Wallis analysis with Dunn's post hoc test.