TABLE 1.
Vegetable butters and oils, their fatty acid composition and unsaponifiable matter content; individual fatty acids were only included in the table when their content was at least 10% in at least one of the listed oils. Fatty acids of triglycerides and total unsaponifiable matter are given in percentages, “-” typically not present*.
| Chain length: number of unsaturated bonds | Lauric acid (%) | Myristic acid (%) | Palmitic acid (%) | Stearic acid (%) | Palmitoleic acid (%) | Oleic acid (%) | Erucic acid (%) | Linoleic acid (%) | α-Linolenic acid (%) | Saturated fatty acids (SFA) (%) (Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (%) (Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (%) (Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | Unsaponifiable matter (%) (Fontanel, 2013; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| C12:0 | C14:0 | C16:0 | C18:0 | C16:1, ω−7, cis | C18:1, ω−9, cis | C 22:1, ω-9, cis | C18:2, ω−6, cis | C18:3, ω−3, cis | |||||
| Coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil (Chowdhury et al., 1970; Fontanel, 2013; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | 48–52 | 18–19 | 8–9 | 2–3 | — | 5–6 | - | 1–2 | — | 78–93 | 5–6 | 1–2 | 0.02–1.5 |
| Almond (Prunus dulcis) oil (Fontanel, 2013; Mericli et al., 2017; Čolić et al., 2017; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | — | — | 3–7.4 | 0.2–2.2 | 0.3–0.6 | 53–78 | — | 13–26 | <0.7 | 5 | 75 | 20 | 0.5–1 |
| Olive (Olea europaea) oil (Gunstone, 1996; Berasategi et al., 2012; Fontanel, 2013; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | — | — | 10–12 | 2 | 1 | 73–78 | — | 7–9 | 1 | 14 | 74 | 9 | 0.6–3 |
| Marula (Sclerocarya birrea) oil (Mariod et al., 2005; Liu and Huang, 2012; Mariod and Abdelwahab, 20121; Komane et al., 2015) | 0.3 | <0.3 | 13–15 | 1–9 | <0.2 | 65–78 | — | 4–9 | <0.7 | 22–26 | 67–70 | 6 | 0.7–3 |
| Avocado (Persea americana) oil (de Oliveira et al., 2013; Fontanel, 2013; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | — | — | 16–24 | — | 7 | 47–60 | — | 13–14 | 1 | 16 | 67 | 15 | 0.4–12.2 |
| Canola (Brassica napus/campestris) oil (Gunstone, 1996; Fontanel, 2013; Lewinska et al., 2015; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | — | — | 4 | 1–2 | — | 46–63 | 15 | 19–26 | 10 | 5 | 65 | 29 | 0.5–5 |
| MUSTARD (Sinapis alba) OIL (Al-Jasass and Al-Jasser, 2012; Mitrović et al., 2020) | — | — | 0.8–5.2 | 0.3–1.6 | <0.2 | 9–25 | 28–60.3 | 5–23.6 | 6–24 | 1–7 | 40–85 | 10–48 | ≤1.5 |
| Shea (Butyrospermum pparkii) butter (Akihisa et al., 2010; Fontanel, 2013; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | — | — | 3–5 | 30–45 | — | 40–60 | — | 4–16 | <0.2 | 42 | 49 | 5 | 3–10 |
| Argan (Argania spinosa) oil (Fontanel, 2013; Boucetta et al., 2014; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | — | — | 14 | 6 | — | 45 | — | 35 | — | 20 | 45 | 35 | 0.7–1 |
| Neem (Azadirachta indica) oil (Momchilova et al., 2007) | — | — | 17.6 | 16.1 | — | 40.1 | — | 21.3 | 0.8 | 34 | 40 | 22 | 1.0–1.4 |
| Evening Primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil (Ghasemnezhad and Honermeier, 2007; Fontanel, 2013; Said-Al Ahl and Ramadan, 2017) | — | — | 6.2–6.7 | 3 | — | 8–13 | — | 70–74 | <2 *γ-linolenic acid 7–10 | 10 | 9 | 81 | 1.5–2 |
| Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis) oil (Soimee et al., 2020) | — | — | 4.2 | 3.4 | — | 10.2 | - | 39.5 | 42.3 | 8 | 10 | 82 | 0.5 |
| Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil (Gürbüz and Kiralan, 2007; Matthaus et al., 2015) | <0.1 | <0.2 | 5.6–7 | 1.9–2.4 | <0.2 | 10–36.6 | - | 54–82 | <0.1 | 7–10 | 10–40 | 55–83 | 0.6–1.5 |
| Kukui (Aleurites moluccana) oil (Brown et al., 2005; Aswati and Suprihastuti, 2010; Siddique et al., 2011; Fontanel, 2013) | — | — | 0–1.2 | 6–10 | — | 15–48 | - | 40–51 | 2–30 | 10 | 15–48 | 40–80 | 0.3–0.4 |
| Borage (Borago officinalis) oil (Lodén and Andersson, 1996; Eskin, 2008; Fontanel, 2013; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | — | — | 10–11 | 3–4 | — | 15 | 3 | 37–41 | 23–25 | 15 | 25 | 60 | 1.2–1.9 |
| Soybean (Glycine max) oil (Chowdhury et al., 1970; Gunstone, 1996; Maestri et al., 1998; Bonina et al., 2005; Uzun et al., 2007; Fontanel, 2013) | — | — | 10–15 | 3–5 | — | 10.6–27.5 | - | 50–57 | 2–15.6 | 15–19 | 21–25 | 55–60 | 0.5–1.7 |
| Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) oil (Chowdhury et al., 1970; Fontanel, 2013; Sugawara and Nikaido, 2014; Janeš and Kočevar Glavač, 2018) | — | — | 6 | 4 | — | 30 | — | 55 | 2 | 10 | 31 | 57 | 0.6–1.5 |
*Note: The content of individual components is based on the results of different scientific sources listed in the reference section. It is reasonable to expect that results vary slightly from study to study, as environmental factors have a significant effect on plant metabolism and consequently on the fatty acid composition. Therefore, the sum of percentages of the SFA, MUFA and PUFA content is not always 100%.