Table 1.
Summary of anti-obesity activities of ginseng by regulating gut microbiota and related pathways.
| Conditions | Compounds/Extracts | Dose/Period | Models | Gut microbiota | Mechanisms | Refs. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Up | Down | ||||||
| Obesity | Ginseng extract | 10 mg/kg; 56 days | db/db mice | Efa | Increases myristoleic acid, brown adipose tissue activation and beige fat formation to reduce adiposity. | (Quan et al., 2020) | |
| Obesity | Water extract of red and white ginseng | 5.5 ml/kg; 70 days | HFD-induced BALB/c mice | Lac, Bac, Para | Fir | Increases UCP1 and LCFAs levels to decrease body weight, LPS, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10. | (Zhou et al., 2020) |
| Obesity | KRG extract | 235 mg/kg; 28 days | HFD-induced C57BL/6 mice | Ver, Akk, Par, Muc | Pro, Def, Lac, Hel, Bar, All, Osc | Up-regulates insulin and leptin levels to down-regulate body weight, fat, GLU, Insulin resistance, GOT, GPT. | (Lee et al., 2021) |
| Obesity | Rb1 and salvianolic acid B | Rb1 20 mg/kg + salvianolic acid B 100 mg/kg; 5 days | HFD-induced C57BL/6 mice | Fir, Bac, Cor, Adl | Hel, Muc, Def, Dor | Declines the serum GLU, TC, TG, LDL-C, FFA and reduces the BW. | (Bai et al., 2021) |
| Obesity | Monascus ruber fermented ginseng | 200-400 mg/kg/d 28 days | HFD-induced SD rats | Bac, Pre | Fir, Mur | Decreases the relative expression levels of SREBP-2 and HMG-CoA reductase, TC contents in blood and liver, increases the expression level of CYP7A1 to improve lipid levels in blood and lipid metabolism disorders. | (Zhao et al., 2021) |
| T2DM | Ginsenoside T19 | 10-60 mg/kg; 42 days | HFD+STZ-induced C57BL/6 mice | Pro, Bac | Fir, Cop, Str, Rum, Ana, Ros, Aci | Decreases the levels of GLU, OGTT, ITT, TC, TG and LDL by increasing the expressions of GLUT4, PI3K, AKT, GSK3β and AMPK | (Xu et al., 2020) |
| T2DM | Ginsenoside Rg5 | 1.0 mg/mL; 28 days | db/db mice | Bac, Lac, All, Bar, Cop, Par | Fir, Clo, Hel, Fla, Pse, Dor, Ace, Bil, Ros, Sci | Inhibits the NF-κB pathway to decrease IL-6, IL-1β levels of serum, decreases the expression of TLR4 and increases the expression of Occludin, ZO-1, IκB-α. to decrease liver index, Glu. | (Wei et al., 2020) |
| T2DM | Red ginseng, Aronia, shiitake mushroom, nattokinase | 0.5-1 g/kg; 84 days | HFD-induced SD rats | Bac, Des | Fir, Clo, Ery | Decreases GLU and insulin resistance by inhibiting islet B cell apoptosis and increasing bone mineral density. | (Yang et al., 2018) |
| T2DM | BuZangTongLuo decoction | 5 g/kg/day; 21 days | HFD-induced C57BL/6J mice | Bac, Pro, Ver, Bif, Akk | Fir, Bla, Wei, Esc, Shi, Kur | Reduces the Water and food intake to control GLU. | (Zheng et al., 2020) |
| T2DM | Ginseng polysaccharides + Rb | Polysaccharides 0.2-1g/kg Rb 160 mg/kg; 30 days | HFD-induced Wister rats | Fir | Bac | Increases β-glucosidase activity to lower blood sugar levels. | (Li et al., 2018) |
Bif, Bifidobacterium; Fae, Faecalibacterium; Bla, Blautia; Efa, Efaecalis; Lac, Lactobacillus; Fir, Firmicutes; Bac, Bacteroidetes; Para, Parabacteroides; Ver, Verrucomicrobia; Akk, Akkermansia; Muc, Mucispirillum; Pro, Proteobacteria; Def, Deferribacteres; Hel, Helicobacter; Bar, Barnesiella; All, Allistipes; Osc, Oscillibacter; Cor, Coriobacteriaceae; Adl, Adlercreutzia; Dor, Dor; Cop, Coprobacter; Par, Parasutterella; Clo, Clostridium; Fla, Flavonifractor; Pse, Pseudoflavonifractor; Ace, Acetatifactor; Bil, Bilophila; Ros, Roseburia; Sci, Scillibacter; Str, Streptococcus; Rum, Ruminococcus; Ana, Anaerotruncus; Ros, Roseburia; Aci, Acidobacteria; Des, Desulfovibrio; Ery, Erysipelothrix; Ver, Verrucomicrobia; Bla, Blautia; Wei, Weissella; Esc, Escherichia; Shi, Shigella; Kur, Kurthia; STZ, streptozocin.